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《老人与海》象征主义探究

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《老人与海》象征主义探究
时间:2023-03-05 01:10:03     小编:

Abstract

The Old Man and the Sea, praised by a famous writer as “the most excellent simple article in this generation”, is a masterpiece of the unyielding man—Hemingway. But with regard to the symbolism, it has been talked differently, and was equivocal in the explanation by Hemingway himself. The Protagonist, the living environment, the sea, the Shark, the Marlin are not themselves but have significant symbolical meaning. Here the author will analyze its symbolism thoroughly through some aspects such as the leading character,the living environment and Hemingway’s philosophy of life reflected by the symbols, with a view to help the reader get a better understanding of Ernest Hemingway's masterpiece.

Key Words

Ernest Hemingway; the symbolic factors; iceberg theory; the living environment; philosophy of life

摘 要

被威谦、福克纳誉为“这代人最优秀的一个单篇”的《老人与海》是硬汉子海明威的力作,而对于《老人与海》的象征主义,评论界各执已见,海明威本人的解释也模棱两可。而小说中主人翁桑提亚哥和生存环境、大海、鲨鱼、小孩等角色实际上并非角色本身,表面上简单的角色及故事情节有着深刻的象征意义,所以笔者希望从文章的主人公、其生存环境等各个方面对其象征主义进行剖析、总结和归纳《老人与海》的象征手法以及海明威的人生观在各象征因素中的体现,以期能帮助读者更好地理解这部作品。

关键词

海明威;象征因素;冰山原理; 生存环境; 人生观

Introduction

Regarded as a giant both in American literature and the world literature, Ernest Hemingway was born on July21, 1898, at Oak Park, Illinois. In the childhood, influenced by his father, Hemingway was interested in music, pictures, hunting, fishing and the like.

His variety of interest, especially the love of fishing extremely affected all his life and he drew much writing inspiration from his fishing experience. Taking adventures also plays a vital role in his life and for the reason that he experienced the two world wars. As a noticeable representative of the “Lost Generation”, Hemingway published the books of this sort, The Sun Also Rises at the age of 26. Because the book chiefly deals with the living attitude of the post-war generation, especially the lives of those wounded soldiers and the loneliness and disillusionment of the modern people whose ideal was shattered at the time when “God is dead”, they thought life was nothing and meaningless. In this case, Hemingway became the spokesperson for the The Lost Generation.

I. Introduction to the Background

The old Man and the Sea is a fable of an old man’s life which was told by Hemingway.

Hemingway is a famous American writer of modern times. He is also an international literary celebrity in the world. His father is a prominent doctor, and also a dab at fishing and hunting. The influence of his father made him full of love with fishing and hunting. His life was active and adventurous, but it was full of pains. The First and the Second World Wars had affected Hemingway a lot, he had once joined the army and had injured in Italy, and he suffered much that was brought about by the war deeply. He was disappointed with the world and pessimistic about the fate of the man. In his early days’ novel, The Sun also rises depicts the war, describing the bewilderment of the European and American young people, then he was look down upon by someone around him and some writers. “You are all the generation that has been at a loss.” So, seeking way out and seeking the understanding of life is the theme that Hemingway wanted to explore. He was an unyielding man, so he portrayed the distinctive inspanidual character of “the character of unyielding man”. From all the works of Hemingway’s, we can find that when Hemingway chose personage, he especially liked to choose beggar, hunter, solider and so on, they could protect their dignity by resisting with the world which is full of hostility, they maintain a graceful demeanour under great force, but on target. The characters of the protagonist are different from that of the early days’ novel. For example, the leading character Jordan in For whom the Bell Tolls is a hero who devotes himself to the career he incites the evil force, which reflects the cherished desire for opposing the fascism war of the people, which is full of wide social meaning and the time’s breathe. All the characters of the protagonists in his novel show his inward world---he was an unyielding man, and has the desire to be the best one in the world, all these can be improved by the protagonists that are suffering but strong-minded

As a mouthpiece of “the lost generation”, Hemingway suffered cold shoulder and attack almost ten years in the commentary field. In order to save the desperate situation, Hemingway wrote a work that he firmly believes to be the best works in his life, which was called The Old Man and the Sea, which is the inheritance and development of Hemingway’s unyielding character.

Hemingway grew in the time that symbolism was embodied and expanded from circle of poet into the field of literature. Hemingway himself also thought that the novel should be like an iceberg, the one-eighth reveals above the water, the other seven-eighths hide deeply in the water, which needs the reader himself to understand. In other words, one has to keep a close eye on Hemingway’s words and reading between the lines because of his highly symbolic language. The theme and the description of The Old Man and the Sea is very simple, because it reveals only one -eighth on the face, the rest seven-eighths are hidden, when reading carefully and learning about the culture and situation at that time, you can understand the real hidden part by the writer. So, the distinctive writing style of Hemingway is his iceberg theory and symbolism.

Ⅱ.The Symbolism in the Works

A. The Definition of Symbolism

Symbolism is an artistic movement in the late 19th century that tried to express abstract or mystical ideas through the symbolic use of images. In literature, it is a writing style of using something to stand for something else by reasoning of relationship, association, accident resemblance, or a visible sign of something invisible.

As a master in literature, Hemingway uses very simple words and sentences to write some magnum opus, which is his iceberg technique that he uses in his work. He believed as a good writer, he didn’t need to reveal the action or characters clearly, obscurity can give us the aesthetic sense. So the words and sentences in his work are symbolic and suggestive. That is to say, one needs keep a close eye to read his works and read between the lines deliberately.

In my opinion, the arbitrariness of Hemingway about the symbolical factors fully manifest that he is unwilling to accept the laurel of “symbolist”. When we study Hemingway, we must start it from The Old Man and the Sea, which promotes his creative writing to the summit of honor. When we study The Old Man and the Sea, we have to research its symbolical factors.

B. Major Symbols in The Old Man and the Sea

There are many symbols in this story, such as the old man, the boy, the sea, the shark, the marlin and etc. This paper only focuses on the important symbols and analyzes the deep meanings of them.

1. The Old Man— the Best Expression to “the unyielding character”

The Old Man and the Sea is a short simple novel that has been hailed as a classic. The story The Old Man and the Sea is about an old fisherman named Santiago who overcomes the great forces of nature. Not catching a single fish for eighty-four days, the old fisherman still keeps on trying without being despaired. He goes far out into the sea and catches a huge marlin after three day’s patient struggle. On his way home sharks come and attack, Santiago tries his best to fight but fails to prevent the marlin from being eaten. In the end he returns with nothing but the skeleton of the marlin.

Many people believe that the novel is about the life of Hemingway himself. Because some parts of the story do relate to what Hemingway has experienced in his life.

The old man--- Santiago is the last tragic hero that Hemingway portrays. Being poor and unlucky, his fate is sad, but he is not a man being easily defeated. Hemingway’s unyielding character is attached to the old man like a demon, which is the symbol of Hemingway’s unyielding character, which is regarded as an embodiment of Hemingway’s iceberg principle. The old man is a geezer who goes fishing lonely. The torment that the life gives makes his neck condensed with deep wrinkles, which make him look thin and haggard, every part of his body looks old, but his eyes are blue like the sea, never depressed. At the beginning of the article, the old man just catches up “misfortune”. In integral eighty- four days, he has not caught a fish. As a fishing man, that is the most unlucky. Even a boy who spends a long time with him also has to leave him on the fortieth day.

The old man’s tragic fate is an x light in art of Hemingway misfortune. Hemingway had once joined in the Second World War and the Spanish War. The society after war is disarrayed and destitute. The fantastic phenomenon of the war and the society brought deep spiritual injury to Hemingway, which can be said that he survived the war after many perils. This is just one of the old man’s aspects of being old. We find that, after For whom the Bell Tolls, Hemingway did not publish any important article, Across the River and Into the Trees suffered criticism again. Numerous critics even affirmed Hemingway’s intelligence had already exhausted, he had nothing fresh, and such situation is so alike the circumstance of the old man at the beginning.

In order to prove he is a “geezer”, or in order to prove that he is strong-minded, and can finish the task that no one can replace, the old man must catch a big fish, concerning dignity and honor. Hemingway stressed that he had once planned to name the article Man’s Dignity. To Hemingway, he must write works that is the best in all his life. Hemingway realizes that he can gain a good fame by the fulfilling of The Old Man and the sea. “I will do my best to write better later on, but it will be very difficult …I am special writer, I know how things stand.” ①The old man also realizes that “eighty-fifth” is a lucky day, “I can seize a big fish of one thousand pounds”②. After the old man catches the biggest fish that he has never seen, he has already exhausted, his hands are not only deserted, but also full of scars.

In my opinion, the portraying of the old man who is “a loser who can not be defeated” can’t be departed from enquiring into the dual personality of Hemingway. The words and actions reflect Hemingway’s outlook on life and his behavior standard. The victory of spirit gives dignity and courage to these losers and their creators. At the same time, he uses a mask to conceal the weakness and fatalism.

The aggravation of the old man’s circumstances is to reveal the “graceful demeanor” when Hemingway is under “pressure”. Under this pressure, the old man’s failure appears to be moving and tragic. At the beginning, the old man puts to sea every day, but he has not caught a fish in succession in eighty-four days, this kind of failure is out of luck enough, and the little boy’s departure makes the old man’s circumstances more miserable. But in such situation, the old man reveals the unyielding character perfectly: When his big fish has been eaten by the shark with skeleton surplus rested, he asks himself: “ What defeated you?”③ “Nothing…it is me who goes too far.” ④The old man admits his failure bravely, but he believes his own ability absolutely. He believes even though he fails, he is still brave incomparably, and has not been defeated by the shark in spirit, he does not lose heart, because he believes that “Once he has been defeated, the thing is easy.”

The First World War made Hemingway learns the society again, which affected the works of literature seriously. In Hemingway’s sight, the world is full of violence and hypocrite, the death is waiting for everybody. This is the symbol of the old man’s sad fate. If we want to live in this society, we must set up a living rule, that is: If we can not win, we can not admit defeat, we can do our best to live under toleration, giving up dispute of emotion, seeking happiness in the open air. This set of living rule made Hemingway portray this typical unyielding man’s unperturbed manner. After sixteen years, Hemingway realized the true essence of the story, he turned this true story into a parable that infiltrates philosophy. Hemingway does not tell the story simply, but reveal his living experience, emotion and thought symbolically.

We can see that the old man shows some traditional moral, we can’t deny that the old man is the best reflecting of the unyielding spirit of Hemingway’s.

2. The Boy— the Best Supplement for the Unyielding Man Character

“The God give me an good old man and a good boy, but nowadays the other writers has already forgotten these things”⑤, when Hemingway talked about the successful factors of this novel, he once quite satisfied to mention the boy and the old man in the same breath. From that we can see the little boy takes a very important part in The Old Man and the Sea

The boy learns fishing from the old man on the boat from five years old, the character features of the boy reveals the old man’s character from another side, though he was little, he is not childish. He not only learns the capability of fishing, but also the spirit of striving to become stronger and the responsibilities of a man. The young and tender shoulder has already been used to steel him, though “he felt drowsy when walking”, he still says “This is nothing, true man will do it.”⑥ Rhythmic words sufficiently reveal Hemingway’s unyielding character.

Under the subconsciousness of the old man, the boy is another stage of his life, one can’t dream two of his own, and so he “has not dreamed of the boy”. The boy’s leaving is the decision of his parents, the old man is unwilling to let the boy feel embarrassed, so he does not let the boy follow him, he does not let the boy infect with his bad luck, the boy insists coming back for several times, though the old man’s failure is put ahead, the reality confirmed the failure of the old man,the old man declined for many times, but which can not hold back the child. He is not afraid of failure, he scorns the failure, facing the failure bravely, because in the boy’s heart, the old man is a “wonderful fisher” and different from the others. The boy is helping the return of Hemingway’s “graceful demeanor”. The appearance of the little boy is not an accessory, which has meaning of symbol, he is the maintenance of the future life’s extension, and he is also the power source of the unyielding man who never bows to difficulties. The old man is just under the boy’s encouragement and struggle hard, he realizes that: “If the boy is not here, I have been died out already.”⑦So the child brings sorrow and happiness, he brings the hope, the society of the human can also extend uninterruptedly.

Taking the only boy whom he can depend on r for survival is Hemingway’s unique idea. Taking away is because the old man “has bad luck” and the boy’s parents force him to claim kinship with them. Also because of Hemingway living in a society that tends to be decadent and declined, to be a upright and dear-headed intellectual, at one side, he saw through the hypocritical and corrupt society, though he is brave, a long time’s struggle made him unable to do as much as he wishes to, and he can not change the backward reality anyhow. So he feels depressed and uncertain of the wishes and victory, he turns into a victor in spirit gradually, is eager to use the victory of spirit to make him gain comfort and freedom from sorrow. Under this mentality, Hemingway reveals sympathy to the weak man and scorn the rich, so the child makes decision to return to the side of the old man when the old man feels lonely and sad. The return of the boy reveals that he turns a blind eye to the authority of his father and the superstition to the fate. Before the child goes back, the struggle of the old man is isolate; the words of the child make clear that he becomes mature under the move and inspire, he faintly feels happy and the wish of brightness. So the image of the boy is the elaboration of the writer in making out the line of the story, and the information that the boy reflects is beyond the information that the writer hopes on the fish,the old man and sea. The boy helps him when the others deserts. “If the boy were here”. The story mentions it for nine times, which symbolizes that the child is the strength for the weak man when he fails and is disappointed.

3. The Sea — the Symbol of Hemingway’s Survival Environment.

The sea is the symbol that stands for the world and society where man must live. The sea is boundless, full of various marlins and sharks, full of raging waves and hidden reef. And the sea is cruel, savage and insidious, just like the real world where Hemingway lives.

In both the sea and the life, there are many possibilities that lie hidden from the common: some are gifts to be treasured and some are troubles to be defeated. Neither will be found unless man embarks on the journey.

The sea is holding the balance in the whole story, it is the substance world that the old man depends on, it is all content of his living, the sea prepares the mystical big fish, it supplies a place to reveal the old man’s courage and will-power, the sea is a picture that means a lot. The vast and mystical sea is like a mother-kind, beautiful, but cruel sometimes, and comes so abruptly.” And the old man always takes the sea as a woman, but it often swallows some strong birds. So in the old man’s opinion, the sea is cruel, and he reveals resentful manner to the cruel sea and sympathy with the weakbirds. Connecting the reality of American at that time, we can see the democratic power was suffered oppression cruelly, all the Americans were covered by the atmosphere of worrying and being nervous, but as sharp eyes, the writer wants to expose the recreancy of the people at that time.

However, Hemingway entrusted a woman’s body and soul to the sea that embraces a large quality of possibility and reproduction, so it can prepare a big fish, her extensiveness is broad enough for the old man to sail into the field of the known and unknown mystery, her vastitude is enough for the old man to live in the eternal world.

When living alone at the sea, the old man saw the sun arising and setting, being a couple with the fish and bird, talking with the wind and the sea, he becomes one part of the sea. “The sea is kind and very beautiful.” At last, it gives a big fish to the old man. But the sea is also cruel- the coming shark captures the big fish, breaks his “gloriousness” into pieces. The old man’s loneness and happiness, fight and failure are connected with the sea. The relationship between the old man and the sea is not only relying on the sea, but also fighting with the sea. He not only gains living conditions, living technique, but also gains friends and opponent. The sea is his living and battle field, it also will be his last destination, and it has a very important relation with Hemingway. Hemingway is a writer who only describes the man, and he has no works known as taking the woman as a leading role, as one comment has said: The woman he wrote was not real, because his mother’s chaste, arrogant and willful character affected Hemingway. This reality made Hemingway restless and suffered, and then the concentration of spirit became a good medicine that cures his inner heart. So the “kind and beautiful sea” became ideal portrait of his inner heart.

In the novel, Santiago embarks on a sea journey and encounters a giant marlin. He battles nobly to earn the treasure, and then fights against sharks to save the treasure. The struggle defines him as a real hero. Though he loses the marlin in the end, he has won the sea battle and honored himself.

The sea is just like the society. Only a man faces and fights on it with courage, can he defeat the unchangeable fate and become the strong one of the life. Like the sea too, the society contains many hidden treasures or good chances and predators. A true man must have sufficient will and courage to find the treasures and fight the predators. The heroic man will regard the struggle not as a burden, but as a challenge that prove his courage. And he should fight it on to the end even in the price of his life. I think the fight with the marlin is in fact the fight between the writer and the troubles in the society at that time.

4. The Shark —A Powerful Deputy of the Evil Force

The shark stands for the evil side of the natural world. It symbolizes the destructive force of the society and the world.

When Santiago is fighting with the marlin, the sea is calm, beautiful, which is harmonious with the nature. But the sharks smell the taste of blood, they come up one by one and destroy the harmony. Furthermore, they devour the old man’s trophy-great marlin, like the predators. Santiago hates them very much because they are sly thieves and the deadly creatures of the deep. What is more, they want to destroy his achievement—marline. In contrast to his regret over killing the giant marlin, the old man delights in stabbing or clubbing each shark. And the destructive force—the sharks also motivate the old man to struggle and transcend the destruction.

When the first shark arrives, Santiago’s resolution is mentioned twice in a paragraph. First we are told that the old man is full of resolution but he has little hope. Then later, the narrator says: He hits without hope but with resolution. From these, we can see Santiago’s change, he at first does not fight for he thinks the enemy is too strong and impossible to be defeated. But then he decides to fight for his treasure. He determines to struggle against it to the end and ignores the result. Although he returns to Havana without the trophy of his long battle, he has acquitted himself proudly and manfully. The old man undergoes a remarkable transformation and renews his life through his struggle.

It is easy to see that the destructive force can defeat the one who has been conquered by fate, but motivate a true man to struggle. In the dilemma to fight or leave, it is the shark, the dark force makes Santiago fight against his fate.

With regard to the symbolical meaning of the shark, there are many explanations, such as the time, the jaws of death, etc. However, Hemingway has once said clearly and definitely. “The obnoxious shark is just like income tax. I work hard, come across good luck. I obtain a considerable sum of cheque, and then the income tax comes along like a shark, using their sharp teeth to bite”. Obviously, the “shark” here is a powerful deputy of the evil force in his world.

The big fish that the old man has seen seems to be “nobler, more powerful”, we can also find the shark is “afraid of nothing”. In fact, writing the shark is to write the man. For the old man knows “What is a man can afford to do” “This one always wants to kill that one”, it is the symbol of “the weak being at the mercy of the strong” in the capitalism society.

When the old man wants to fish a big fish, he really catches a unprecedented big fish, his praise for the big fish, the big size of the body, the grace of the posture, the hugeness of the power, the beauty of the color can make us reminds of it. Those sharks can be seen as symbols of the evil force that obstruct people to achieve the perfect condition.

Why does the old man go to praise another shark which is called “Qingsha”? Because Hemingway wants to make use of the old man’s mouth to say the different attitude to several hostile powers. Hemingway has once said: “I would rather have an honest enemy than have lots of hypocritical friends.”⑧ The shark may be symbolizing that kind of “honest enemy” that Hemingway liked. Maybe everyone of us has the same opinion that he likes to deal with the honest enemy---the clear difficult or hostile powers, but dislike to meet the hypocritical friends---the submerged rocks, the unpredicted hostile powers. So in my opinion, the description of the shark is a kind of symbolism that reflects Hemingway’s iceberg technique.

5. The Marlin—the Symbol of Achievement

In contrast to the shark, which stands for a bad part of nature, the giant marlin also has its symbolic meaning in the novel. It becomes a symbol of the ideal in life that challenges those who is eager for it.

For a large part of the book, Santiago is fighting with this giant, mysterious creature. In the beginning, his skiff is pulled out to the sea by the fish, and he does not even know what it looks like. He can only imagine its strength, size and determination, yet he does not give up fighting. When the old man actually sees the fish, he is even more amazed at its grandeur and size.

“Never have I seen a greater, or more beautiful, or a calmer or more noble thing than you, brother, the old man thought He loves the fish as if it was his brother. But he still decides to kill it, because the marlin is his ideal in life. Only by killing the giant marlin, Santiago can show what a man can do and what a man endures and finish the task that he was born for.”⑨

The marlin symbolizes a man’s ideal in life. If one wants to prove himself, he must constantly struggle for his ideal in life. Only through actions conducted with dignity, he can prove his heroism and realize his life ideal. It is precisely through the effort to battle the huge marlin that Santiago proves his heroism and manliness. He finds the marlin worthy of a fight, and so he fights hardly. By realizing the life ideal, he proves himself a worthy fisherman. So a heroic and manly life is not self-sufficiency, it requires constant demonstration of one’s worthiness through noble action and struggle for the ideal in life.

6. Other Symbolical Factors

The main protagonists in the works that the great writer uses reflects the writing style, some minor characters can brighten the use of the symbolism. The first minor character mentioned is the lion. The lion appears repeatedly, the old man has even dreamed “the lion”. Obviously, as another name of power and courage, it appears constantly, constitutes a symbol that its moral is very clear and definite, it symbolizes the vigorous vitality and the youth, even the struggle and strong spirit that reflects the unyielding man’s character.

The eagle searching prey around the sea and the tuna which the old man eat all have certain moral, all of them have the special quality of the old man, they have relations with other personages and the environment. However, they are all symbols that Hemingway used to pass on “significance” to us. This is incompatible with the way of the symbolical writers who likes to pursue “subjective reality”. Maybe this is one of the reasons why Hemingway did not want to accept the symbolical laurels.

III. Hemingway’s Philosophy of Life Reflected by the symbols in The Old Man and the Sea

In this novel, Hemingway has used many symbols. All these symbols have very important and special meanings. By understanding them, we can better understand the writer's philosophy of life.

A. Hemingway’s Philosophy of Life in The Old Man and the Sea

The Old Man and the Sea is a song of praise about human spirit. Through the description of the sufferings Santiago endures and his courageous behavior in his fights with the marlin and the sharks, Hemingway intends to tell us his philosophy of life: although life is a lonely battle, it is a struggle that man should fight on with courage and endurance; and the “meaning” of life is not to be found in “success” or “failure”, but rather in the struggle itself.

To Hemingway, life is a struggle to be borne, not like a burden, but as a challenge. He thinks that man has the power to struggle for life, no matter what result may be. According to him, human beings are not totally hopeless in the world. Even though he knows that the human struggle is useless in face of the natural forces, he encourages people to strive. In this sense, Hemingway’s philosophy of life is the further and heroic development of the naturalists. In addition, Hemingway’s philosophy of life is also helpful to the people today. When faced with the difficulties and setbacks in life, many people complain about the fate and chance; they feel depressed, losing hope towards life. This is not the right attitude towards life. Hemingway tells us that a man should face and overcome the difficulties in life with decency, dignity, and heroism. To be a man is to behave with honor and dignity, not to succumb to suffering, to accept one’s duty without complaint, and most importantly, to display a maximum of self-control. This is Hemingway’s ideal of manhood, and Santiago is the perfect representative of Hemingway Code Hero. So we should learn from Santiago. When we suffer from the setbacks in life, we should fight against them to the end despite the pain, and display great grace and courage during the battle. This is just the right attitude we should have towards life.

B. Hemingway’s Attitude towards the Society Reflected through the Symbol of the Sea

Sea stands for the world all men live. In the sea there are many treasures and dangers for everyone. Men should fight for the treasures and against dangers Hemingway think.

Santiago gets nothing within 84 days, is laughed by all the people, considered as a loser, but he still insists to go fishing without complaining to the sea and reminds the old time when he attained a lot from the sea. The author explains to us that we should not hate the world we are in although it is cruel sometime. What is more, he does not agree with those people who give up or just wait for the miracles happen to improve their lives. Man must know what they want and try his best to fight and protect it as what the author did in his life. Hemingway is thought by society that he has run out of his intelligence in literary, but he did not lose his hope and continue with his career. Finally The Old Man and the Sea comes up with storm. Hemingway never gives up search for his treasure in the world and find it in the end because he knows the world, it is just like the sea with full of dream and nightmare, he knows the world is fair just like the sea, if he insists of what he think is true, he will find what he wants and win prize of the world.

So both Santiago and Hemingway show to us that world is cruel but worth fighting for. Man should fight in his battle for what he thinks is treasure no matter he is in good condition or not. The world is beautiful whenever it offers you treasures or dangers. Do not lose hope and complain to the world but win your honor with your fight.

C. Hemingway’s Attitude towards the Enemy Reflected through the Symbol of Shark

Shark is the dark force in novel, but Hemingway put a deeper meaning in these creatures. Some study shows the shark stand for the literary reporters in Hemingway’s time, I do agree with this kind of opinion.

The shark that comes first and alone is different from the other sharks which eat up the old man’s marlin together. I think this shark stands for the first reporter who announces Hemingway is no longer as good as before. In the novel, the old man fights with this shark fair and honorable. This shark is described as a warrior by Hemingway, he is huge, powerful and beautiful. It is he who drives the old man’s emotion to protect his marlin. And the first shark even dies as a warrior. Hemingway put a lot of focus to describe his die to show he is special. The first shark wins the old man’s respect even they are enemies and one of them must loses in the price of his life. We can see that Hemingway respect the first one who dare to hold a battle with him because he know it need a lot of courage and they are both warrior no matter who win in the end.

Being different with the first shark, the other sharks are the true evil force and ignored by the old man. They are thieves with no courage to fight along. Comparing with the first shark, they are small, ugly and cold-blood. The old man thinks they are useless even easy to fight against. The old man looks down upon these small creatures. As for Hemingway himself, the shark symbolizes the reporters who come up to talk about his failure. Hemingway hates these who have no thought but just follow other’s opinion to show their intelligence. They want nothing but money to enjoy just like the shark want meat to survival. They are not worth fighting and only can be ignored by the author.

D. Hemingway’s Attitude towards the Achievements Reflected through the symbol of Marlin

The marlin is achievement for the old man. It reflects Hemingway’s attitude towards the achievements in his life.

When the old man hasn’t fished anything for a long time, or he is far away from the achievement for some reasons, he does not feel depress or give up fishing. But insists to go and have a try again. It shows the resistance to failure. Hemingway also does not give up when all of the world think he is run out of ability. Both the old man and Hemingway believe what they think as precious, and keep on searching for it. After the old man gets marlin out of his imagination, he fights to protect his achievement with sharks. The old man never gives up even facing the enemy more powerful than himself. Being similar with the old man, Hemingway never agrees with the report that Hemingway was the history. They both can not be conquered by the so called fate.

But in the end of the story, the marlin is no longer the huge achievement but is eaten up by sharks with only skeleton left. It symbolizes a totally lose of the old man in some way. Even so the old man still holds his confidence to go fishing again. It implies that the old man just focuses on the fight itself but not the consequence of the fishing. Hemingway agrees with it and he also do as it. When The Old Man and the Sea is published, he changes his pen name, and he still keeps silence even in the storm of success. It shows that Hemingway only enjoy the fun of fight, but not if he win or not.

Conclusion

To sum up, symbolism is a noted writing characteristic in The Old Man and the Sea. The old man, the sea, the marlin, the lions and so on and so forth, to a large degree has deep symbolic meanings respectively. I venture to say that the book is like a complex building built with unaccountable symbols. One can get different kinds of interpretations in accordance with a variety of points of views. And one also attains different kinds of symbols from several respects. In addition, by using symbolism Hemingway succeeded in reaching his goal of conveying the main theme of the story-courage is a way leading to success. In other words, a man can be destroyed but not be defeated.

Both readers and critics give the works—The Old Man and the Sea so high comment just because of the artful and successful use of symbolism. The title is a symbol that the old man stands for the human beings and the sea symbolizes nature, the simple story could be eyed as a metaphor of a struggle between man and nature. Just as Hemingway once spoke highly of his artistic achievement in the great work that The Old Man and the Sea is the only best work during his lifelong literary creation.The work is also rewarded as the best magnum opus for symbolism.

Notes

⑴ ①刁邵华,《海明威》第22页

⑵ ②海明威,《老人与海》第18页

⑶ ③海明威,《老人与海》第101页

⑷ ④海明威,《老人与海》第101页

⑸ ⑤刁邵华,《海明威》第35页

⑹ ⑥海明威,《老人与海》第63页

⑺ ⑦海明威,《老人与海》第49页

⑻ ⑧刁邵华,《海明威》第32页

⑼ ⑨刁邵华,《海明威》第16页

Bibliography

[1] Baker, Carlos. Ernest Hemingway: A Life Story [M]. New York: Scribner, 1969.

[2] Berman, Ronald. Fitzgerald-Wilson-Hemingway :Language and Experi-ence[M]. Tuscalo-osa: University of Alabama Press, 2003.

[3] High, Peter B. An Outline of American Literature[M]. London: Longman, 1986.

[4] Rossetti, Gina M.. Imagining the Primitive in Naturalist and Modernist Lliterature[M]. Columbia: University of Missouri Press, 2006.

[5] Schopenhauer, Arthur. The World as Will and Representation[M].Dover: Dover Pubns, 1969.

[6] Ernest Hemingway. The Old Man and the Sea [M]. Shang hai Yi Wen Press,2003.

[7] Vernon, Alex. Soldiers once and still: Ernest Hemingway [M].Iowa City: University of Iowa Press, 2004.

[8] Wylder, Delbert E. Hemingway’ heroes[M]. New Mexico: University of New Mexico Press, 1969.

[9] 常耀信.美国文学简史(第二版)[M].天津:南开大学出版社,2003年.

[10] 刁邵华.海明威[M].辽宁人民出版社,1980年.

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[摘要]《老人与海》是海明威最成功的小说,也是一部描写“海洋和渔夫最深刻的文学作品”,该小说有着深刻的思想主题、丰富的象征意义,完美表达了海明威的冰山原则,诠释了“人可以被毁灭,不能被打败”的硬汉精神。同时,《老人与海......
贩卖人口与恐怖主义
发布时间:2023-01-20
一个成年女孩的身价是多少?ISIS回答说是12美金。在已经废除奴隶买卖的当下,无数妇女与儿童被恐怖组织绑架并像牲口一样被卖掉。 雅兹迪人是被ISIS绑架最多的族群。白皮肤、金色头发、蓝色眼睛,因不与外族通婚,作为雅利安人的分支......
南京地区被征地人员养老保险政策分析与研究
发布时间:2023-03-31
【摘 要】中国已经进入老龄化社会,老龄人口面临的保障压力日趋增大。随着我国城市化的快速变迁和发展,国家越来越多地征收农民的宅基地和房屋用于城市建设,被征地人员的养老问题越来越受到关注。文章分析和研究南京地区被征地人员的......
传媒消费主义与网络“哥”“姐”热现象
发布时间:2023-02-20
摘要:近年来,中国网络社会中风行着各路以哥姐为称号的人物,引发公众和传媒的热议,其中典型的如犀利哥、凤姐。本文认为,无论是否出于炒作目的或存在网络推手助推,这些哥姐们接受的是大众狂欢式、围观式的消费。在传媒消费主义视域下,哥......
海洋人类学:概念、范畴与意义
发布时间:2023-03-02
摘要:人类学对于海洋的关注和研究由来已久,但是直到20世纪70年代,作为一门独立的分支学科的海洋人类学(Maritime Anthropology)才正式诞生。所谓海洋人类学,就是运用人类学的理论、视角和方法对海洋社会的人群行为及文化进行分析......
《大海》中的自传意象与身份探索
发布时间:2023-04-11
摘 要:《大海》是一本体现着休斯非裔美国人身份的黑色自传文本。休斯在意象、材料、语言、结构等方面采取一系列手法,丰富了文本层次,写出了具有黑人特色的自传。本文通过对《大海》文本中心意象大海的细读,并结合后殖民和自传方面......
存在主义是一种人文主义
发布时间:2023-05-30
" 在这里,我的目的是要对存在主义所受到的一些指责,提出答辩。 首先,存在主义曾被指责为诱导人们安于一种绝望的无为主义(quietism)。因为如果每一条解决事物之道被阻断了,那么我们就不得不视在这世界上的任何行为都是徒劳......
简析抽象主义艺术奠基人康定斯基作品
发布时间:2023-06-25
一、背景 19 世纪中期,相继出现了印象主义、野兽主义、立体主义和表现主义等现代艺术流派,现代主义艺术开始萌芽,其中印象主义就是对新古典主义和浪漫主义做出的回应,它主要是捕捉日常生活的瞬间印象、鲜艳色彩以及强烈的明暗对比......
《土生子》中黑人妇女形象的女性主义解读
发布时间:2023-07-02
[中图分类号]:I106 [文献标识码]:A 《土生子》一直被认为是黑人文学的一个里程碑。作品中赖特塑造了一位新型的黑人形象别格。作品的伟大之处不言而喻,但也存在严重的不足。赖特从男权社会价值观出发,在小说中将三位黑人女性――......
浅析当代文学中英雄主义人物形象塑造
发布时间:2023-02-26
摘要:解析当代文学中英雄主义人物形象的塑造趋势,并从弘扬民族文化精髓,塑造历史人物形象;融入除恶扬善情感,彰显广大人民心声;人物个性特点突出,英雄形象更加真实等方面,讨论当代文学中英雄主义人物形象塑造的相关特点。关键词:当代文学;英雄主义人物形象;形象塑造英雄主义人物形象塑造一直以来均为古今中外典型艺术家所追寻的艺术形态,在各类文学艺术作品中均能够看到“英雄主义人物”的形象与影子,比如外国文学作品.........
无神主义的批判与人本主义的诠释——陈独秀宗教思想探析
发布时间:2023-07-20
" 论文关键词:无神主义;人本主义;伟大人格 论文摘要:近代新文化运动、五四运动的领导者一陈独秀在科学主义、自由主义与马克思主义的指导下宣扬否定一切宗教迷信,特刺是基督教,揭露其荒谬性.主张用科学取代宗教的无神主叉思想......
盛海琳:失独老人为爱重生
发布时间:2023-02-01
她是一位退休老人,年过花甲;她是一位失独老人,女儿夭折;她陷入了年迈而又无子女抚养的境地。白发人送黑发人,她的生活没有了阳光,她的精神彻底崩溃,她想到了死。有人劝她,你再收养一个孩子吧!她说不行,收养的孩子无法替代自......
日本中老年离婚热现象的原因探究
发布时间:2022-10-30
【摘要】受传统日本“男主外,女主内”的家庭观影响,日本家庭的丈夫往往会在外面拼命地工作来赚钱养活整个家庭,而妻子则从事一切家务活动,扮演起一位“相夫教子”的全职家庭主妇。然而,当丈夫一旦退休在家时,妻子则要全天伺候丈......
关于马克思主义理论学科建设中“借船出海”现象剖析
发布时间:2023-02-25
" [论文摘要]马克思主义理论学科建设中出现的“借船出海”现象,具体表现为一些院校马克思主义理论学科博士点与思想政治理论课教学机构没有“融为一体”,博士点依托于多个机构;原因在于人们的认识与中央设立马克思主义理论一级学科的......
海德格尔、人道主义和原初伦理学的观念
发布时间:2022-11-11
文章关注少数几个海德格尔直接谈及伦理问题的文本,从而切入海德格尔的问题,并试图由此通向原初伦理学的可能性。海德格尔在这些文本中开始明确涉及有关伦理的议题。这样的文本出奇地少,大致都出现于二战最后一年和纳粹政权崩溃的最初几年。通过海德格尔的这些文本,我们发现一种呼唤,它将我们唤回伦理生活的古老意义。海德格尔本人拒绝使用“伦理学”这个词,但作者认为:海德格尔的作品是一个伟大的源泉,可用于透彻地思考我们.........
谈甘南地区装饰色彩的象征意义
发布时间:2017-01-09
一、藏族艺术色彩观 色彩艺术在少数民族艺术文化中具有许多象征性功能,不仅起到美化、装饰的作用,还具有宗教、礼仪、图腾象征等作用。因此,色彩不再只是简单地附于形体上的装饰,更重要的是已成为某种象征语言。每个民族都有自己喜......
符号象征倾间文人画关系
发布时间:2022-11-14
符号象征倾间文人画关系 符号象征倾间文人画关系 符号象征倾间文人画关系 一、符号象征性顷间与文人画 在对图像的一般性顷间和决定性顷间探讨之后①,如果循着事件发展的曲线进一步向O点靠近(如图1),我们就会发现绘......
生活规律的“上海第一老人”
发布时间:2022-12-11
名 苏局仙 名言 我之所以长寿,并没有什么灵丹妙药,主要是生活有规律,坚持进行一些适宜的体育锻炼。我每天看书读报写字,以陶冶自己的心情。 评语 苏局仙一生过着平凡的日子,并没有什么标新立异的养生方法,只是有规律的生活而......
女性主义视角下《围城》的主题意义探究
发布时间:2023-06-19
摘 要 《围城》是一部充满睿智的小说,主题意蕴十分丰富,是钱钟书对人性的认识和调侃。本文从女性主义视角出发,通过细读《围城》,探究“围城”这一主题的深刻性与多样性,用艺术的眼光审视“围城”主题的现实意义与价值。 关键词......
探究“解构主义马克思主义”的出场形态
发布时间:2023-05-14
解构主义马克思主义就是德里达处于苏东剧变后的时代背景中,用解构的策略对当代发达工业社会现象及其伦理意识进行批判、审思的学说。它的考察对象是当代发达工业社会的不合理现象,它的出场宗旨是倡导人们继承马克思批判精神,以创建关......
新闻谈话节目的后现代主义特征探析
发布时间:2023-04-09
后现代主义作为一种社会思潮最早于20世纪60年代出现在建筑学领域,它是在批判现代主义和理性主义的基础上形成的,以批判和背离现代主义为其标志,其目的是阻止现代的惯性,转向与现代不同的另一个时代,开创后现代文化。①英国学者特里伊格尔顿在他的《后现代主义幻象》中提到:它已被用来涵盖从某些建筑风格到某些哲学观点的一切事物。利奥塔的《后现代状况》着重阐述了关于知识的论争。他指出:用极简单的话来说,我将后现代.........
论李商隐诗中的宓妃的象征意义
发布时间:2023-08-04
摘 要:李商隐的诗中大量运用象征比托手法,本文主要对李商隐诗中宓妃的象征意义进行分析。 关键词:李商隐;象征;宓妃 [中图分类号]:I206 [文献标识码]:A 自屈原用“香草美人”寄托自己的政治理想,将男女之情通于君臣朋友......
现代企业形象设计人文化特征研究浅谈
发布时间:2022-12-17
现代CI从属于现代设计范畴,现代设计具有宽泛的人文科学内涵。查字典论文网为您编辑了“现代企业形象设计人文化特征研究浅谈”现代企业形象设计人文化特征研究浅谈相对于工业发展初期的现代主义设计,后现代设计的众多作品有着更吸引人新东......
老年人全口义齿修复失败原因探讨
发布时间:2023-07-17
【关键词】 全口义齿;修复;牙槽嵴;正中咬合关系 1 资料与方法 2 结果 有23例患者失败重新制作义齿, 其中有15例经过重新制作义齿以后, 患者成功戴用, 有8例失败, 患者抛弃了义齿。其余义齿获得良好的修复效果, 患者都很满......
基督教神秘主义哲学与中国老庄哲学
发布时间:2023-01-02
基督教神秘主义哲学与中国老庄哲学 基督教神秘主义哲学与中国老庄哲学 基督教神秘主义哲学与中国老庄哲学 提要:基督教冲秘主义哲学和中国老庄哲学,分别以上帝或道为哲学的最高原则。 上帝和道都是最高的存在、......
我国都市报中老年人媒介形象研究浅析
发布时间:2023-03-12
摘 要:该文对我国都市报中老年人媒介现象的研究从理论框架、研究方法、研究对象、研究成果等方面进行了梳理和总结,并对未来研究从研究范围和理论视角等提出了自己的意见。 关键词:都市报 老年人 媒介形象 老龄化 传媒 1 理论框......
以主题音乐刻画人物形象研究
发布时间:2022-11-23
歌剧是一种将戏剧、音乐、文学、诗歌、舞蹈等多种艺术形式融合在一起的综合性舞台表演艺术。通常由咏叹调、宣叙调、重唱、合唱、序曲、间奏曲、舞蹈等内容构成。其重要特征在于音乐元素在其中所占的重要地位,在歌剧中音乐形象的塑造都......
探究社会主义经济正义的建构
发布时间:2023-06-07
社会公平正义是人类崇高和永恒的价值理想,又是一个与特定的历史境遇和任务相关的时代课题。随着社会主义市场经济的发展,尤其是贫富差距扩大化和各种社会现实矛盾的突显,经济正义则愈来愈成为社会主义中国的热门话题和现实课题,构建......
人文主义、古典主义、启蒙主义中“理性”的对比
发布时间:2023-07-28
" 一 共同点:理性 人文主义、新古典主义以及启蒙主义文学潮流分别兴起于16世纪、17世纪以及18世纪。这三种文学潮流都以理性著称。所谓理性,简言之,就是“把一切现象都归因于自然而不归于奇迹的倾向”[1],这是明显区别于此前中世......
“真情人”杜丽娘形象探究
发布时间:2023-06-23
【摘 要】《牡丹亭》是汤显祖最著名的剧作,其中所描写的杜丽娘是中国古代文学史上最有特色的典型,文章通过歌颂她为爱而斗争的反抗精神,表现汤显祖“至情”的世界观。 【关键词】杜丽娘;真情 “临川四梦”中的《牡丹亭》是明传......
简爱形象的女性主义解读
发布时间:2022-12-28
简爱形象的女性主义解读 “难道就因为我一贫如洗,默默无闻,长相平庸,个子瘦小,就没有灵魂,没有心肠了——你想错了,我的心灵跟你一样丰富,我的心胸一样充实!”——《简爱》夏洛蒂夏洛蒂·勃朗特的《简爱》这部现实主义长篇小说自......
论主持人与记者整体形象定位
发布时间:2022-12-18
论主持人与记者整体形象定位 论主持人与记者整体形象定位 论主持人与记者整体形象定位 论主持人与记者整体形象定位 2004年度河南省广播电视优秀科技论文二等奖 当主持人、记者的形象通过电视屏幕呈现......
浅谈中西方文化中颜色的象征意义
发布时间:2023-06-14
摘要:汉英语言中表示各种不同颜色或色彩的词语都很丰富。不同的文化历史背景,宗教信仰,审美心理使颜色词所蕴涵的意义产生差异。在中西方的重大场合里,红白两色作为一种重要的风俗表现形式,深刻体现了两种不同的文化背景,本文通过......
社会主义市场经济条件下人的发展探究
发布时间:2015-08-11
摘要:经济社会发展和人的发展一致,都要经历从低到高的发展过程。我国作为社会主义国家的代表,社会主义市场经济条件发展健全,而“人”作为国家及社会的主体,自然要在社会主义市场经济条件下发展。问题由此而来,如何才能更好的借......
《双城记》与《红高粱家族》红色象征意义的对比分析
发布时间:2023-03-22
【摘 要】红色作为原型反复出现在《红高粱》和《双城记》中。在《红高粱》中,运用红色的主要载体是红高粱,红色既有在中国传统文化中的象征意义,还有着着原始生命力和女性崇拜等书中特定的象征意义。而在《双城记》中,红色主要运用......
宗教信仰中的集体主义取向与个個人主义取向
发布时间:2013-12-17
" 我們常常可以發現,基督徒的個人表現往往不夠完美;他們常常執著於表達某一個理念,卻沒有企圖讓自己的各方面修行同時兼顧。於是我們往往可以很輕易的發現『有些』基督徒如何,『有些』基督徒又如何。這往往見諸各種討論的批評裡。 ......
探究“人”和“民”的区别与孔子教育的对象
发布时间:2016-06-30
孔子年过三十,退出仕途,在家授徒设教,从此成为教育家。钱穆认为,其学既非当时一般士人之所谓学,其教亦非当时一般士人之所为教,于是孔子遂成为中国历史上特立新创的第一个以教导为人大道为职业的教育家。后世尊之曰:至圣先师。 ......
抽象人格论与我国民事主体制度
发布时间:2022-12-13
抽象人格论与我国民事主体制度 抽象人格论与我国民事主体制度 抽象人格论与我国民事主体制度 [内容提要]:我国现行的民事主体制度存在着大量公法性质的主体,例如公民、国有企业和机关法人、集体......
探究马克思主义哲学的现实意义
发布时间:2022-09-29
[摘 要]马克思主义哲学,被誉为“时代精神的净化”以及“现代文明的灵魂”,马克思主义哲学最为重要的意义在于对旧辩证法的继承和完善,具有唯物性和实践性。马克思主义哲学是现代社会发展的必然产物,是实践中逐渐总结和变化而来的重......
探析海德格尔反现代主义哲学忧伤话语
发布时间:2023-04-28
德国哲学家马丁海德格尔(MartinHeidegger,1889~1976)是20世纪存在主义哲学的创始人和主要代表之一,在海德格尔看来,全部的西方思想史只关注存在着的事物,而遗忘了存在着的事物的存在。海德格尔颠覆了前人传统的哲学思想。他深受尼采(FriedrichNietzsche,1884~1900)哲学的影响,但是他却有别于尼采。他主要反驳尼采的知识归根结底是权力意志表现的观点。为了有别于前.........
后殖民主义与女权主义
发布时间:2023-03-22
后殖民主义与女权主义 后殖民主义与女权主义 后殖民主义与女权主义 后殖民主义与女权主义之间无论在实践上还是理论上都呈现出既相联系又相冲突的十分复杂的关系。它们之间一致性是显而易见的:这两种文化理论......
人文主义解读
发布时间:2023-05-21
希腊艺术的传统精神是崇尚理想美的,这种美是人性、神性与理性三者并存的,因而也包含了人性中最基本的认知理想 《人文主义解读》 我们应该知道,希腊艺术的传统精神是崇尚理想美的,这种美是人性、神性与理性三者并存的,因而也......
海外当代中国政治研究的威权主义范式:回顾与反思
发布时间:2023-04-07
自上个世纪80年代中后期以来,威权主义逐渐取代极权主义、多元主义,成为海外当代中国政治研究中广为使用的思想资源和颇有影响的理论范式。关于极权主义和多元主义范式在中国政治研究中存在的问题,学界已有诸多研究和分析,然而,对海外当代中国政治研究威权主义范式的成果,学界缺乏必要的梳理,对运用威权主义范式分析当代中国政治存在的问题,迄今为止学界仍缺乏必要的理论检讨和反思。本文的任务是对海外当代中国政治研究威.........
当代市场社会主义六大特征
发布时间:2014-01-07
市场 社会 主义是一种 经济 体制的 理论 或模式,也是世界社会主义运动的一股重要思潮,它是对将近一个世纪以来倡导和探索社会主义与市场经济相结合的道路与模式的宠统称谓。在不同的 历史 时期和不同的国度,社会主义与市场经济的不同结......
后现代主义设计特征之我见
发布时间:2023-06-26
后现代主义设计特征之我见 后现代主义设计特征之我见 后现代主义设计特征之我见 纵观后现代主义产品设计,它们以幽默、叛逆、和奇思妙想极大地充实和丰富了我们现在的生活,展现给我们一个充满了旺盛的生命力和......
论《鲁滨逊漂流记》和《老人与海》中的文化意向
发布时间:2022-11-13
每个国家都有其独特的发展历史,由此衍生的文学作品也各有其特点。英美国家在漫长的历史长河中形成了不同的民族文化,这些文化具有不同的民族特色,正是由于这些民族特色,使各民族文学呈现不同的特点,促进世界文化多样性的形成。英国......
浅谈节目主持人的本我、自我、超我与主持人形象构建
发布时间:2023-07-13
一个人在他的社会生活当中的每一次选择、每一次体验在潜意识里都是为了更好的认识自己,为了成为更好的自己,而作为一个节目主持人,在节目中的每一次改变每一次形象建构也同样是为了成为一名更好的主持人。著名的精神分析学家西格蒙......
论德国表现主义的艺术特征
发布时间:2023-06-11
德国表现主义是在一股反传统的思潮中孕育而生,在创作方法上它摒弃了在欧洲长期占统治地位的模仿论和反映论,推崇极具个人色彩的表现论的美学。艺术家们在绘画创作中不再只是客观的描摹世界,而是根据自己内心的需求,把自己的主观情感......
对峙与整合:科学主义与人文主义两大教育思潮之比较
发布时间:2023-06-21
" [论文关键词]科学主义 教育 人文主义教育 对峙整合 [论文摘要]受西方科学主义与人文主义两大哲学思潮的影响,在教育领域逐渐形成了科学主义与人文主义两大教育思潮。由于二者的教育主张基本对立,因而长期处于矛盾与冲突之中。在当......
论主持人与记者整体形象定位(1)
发布时间:2023-01-22
当主持人、记者的形象通过电视屏幕呈现在观众面前时,所代表的就不仅仅是个人的形象,他们所代表的是所在电视台的形象,是媒体的形象。 而作为一名专业化妆师,对主持人的整体形象定位,更要有清晰的认识和准确的把握。电视化妆师必......
人文主义与企业的社会责任
发布时间:2022-10-14
摘要:近期, 企业 的 社会 责任 问题 成为人们关注的重点之一,学术界对此也产生了不同的观点与看法。本文试图从人文主义的角度出发, 分析 人文主义思想对企业社会责任观念的 影响 ,阐述人文贸易主义对企业建立 现代 社会责任观......
探究后果主义论辩的证成与具体适用
发布时间:2016-12-08
引言 司法裁判的合法性、合理性与可接受性是判断司法裁判优劣的重要标准,也是法律论证理论得以建构的理论预设。无论在实践中遇到怎样的案件简易抑或疑难,法官都有义务跨越规范与事实的缝隙,为司法裁判提供充分而细致的论证。人们想......
科学主义和人本主义的关系问题
发布时间:2023-04-16
科学主义和人本主义的关系问题 科学主义和人本主义的关系问题 科学主义和人本主义的关系问题 我们对当代西方哲学有这样一种流行的看法:似乎人本主义和科学主义是两种彼此不相容的哲学思潮,而且西方哲学家“不入于杨......
人本主义与中国古代司法制度初探(1)论文
发布时间:2023-01-22
[摘要] 人本主义对中国古代司法制度的影响主要表现在:(一)案件的审理审判上,为防止法官独断造成冤假错案,很早形了对大案、要案征求多人意见、逐级审理的审慎的审判制度;(二)为防止上下级法官沆瀣一气、相互勾结、徇私舞弊,很......