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火山亦“柔情”

格式:DOC 上传日期:2023-04-23 00:50:44
火山亦“柔情”
时间:2023-04-23 00:50:44     小编:

炙热的熔岩喷发而出只是火山生命周期的短暂一瞬。虽然滚烫的熔岩、遮天蔽日的火山灰和有毒的气体让人生畏,但火山运动也有其“柔情”的一面:它滋润了东非大裂谷的农田,造就了哥斯达黎加海蓝宝石般的酸性火山湖,滋养了冰岛多彩的苔藓群落,形成了屹立在世界各地的一座座灰色山峰,给地球留下了许多美丽又迷人的风景。

Mount Etna Summit

Location: Sicily, Italy

With a name meaning "I burn", Mount Etna remains the most active volcano in Europe, most recently erupting on May 16, 2015. Although tropical flora1) thrive at the base of this southern Italian stratovolcano2)―a tall, conical3) volcano composed of layers of hardened lava4), debris and pyroclastic5) ash―snow covers the steep slopes, mixing with black ash at the summit 3,350 meters high. Seen here are the summit's four craters6), emitting sulfurous7) steam.

Maelifellsandur

Location: Iceland

As geologist Angelika Jung-Huttl writes, the only place where the boundary between the North American Plate and the Eurasian Plate is visible above water is in Iceland, where the Mid-Atlantic Ridge pushes Europe away from North America between 5 and 10 centimeters each year. The fourth largest glacier8) in Iceland, M?rdalsj?kull, weathered9) down a once-active cinder cone10) volcano, leaving behind a small hill colonized by bright green moss, red patches of iron oxide, and a black desert of lava and volcanic ash collectively known as Maelifellsandur.

Crater Fields

Location: Marsabit volcano, Kenya

Located on the fringe of the East African Rift is Marsabit, a 5-million-year-old shield volcano―a broad volcano with gentle slopes formed by flowing lava―that "rises about 1,000 meters above the Chalbi Desert in northern Kenya like a green island", Jung-Huttl writes. Although northern Kenya is typically dry, with an average annual rainfall between 250 and 500 millimeters, agriculture is made possible by absorptive11) properties of the volcano's rock, which stores water from the short rainy season. New earth forms along the East African Rift and, according to scientists, a new ocean will split Africa into two in a few million years.

Ghoubbet al Kharab

Location: Gulf of Tadjoura, Djibouti

"Black lava fields, crisscrossed12) with fissures13) and strewn14) with cinder cones, meet crystal-clear sea water in which corals thrive," Jung-Huttl writes. Translated as "the devil's gorge15)," Ghoubbet al Kharab is a long, narrow bay situated above the Assal Rift, where the Earth's crust and upper mantle16) expand up to 2 centimeters per year, allowing lava flows and volcanic ash to build crater cones up to 100 meters high. Exhalation17) Structures

Location: Dallol, Ethiopia

Located in the Danakil Depression18) of northern Ethiopia―the hottest place on Earth, with an average temperature of 34℃―Dallol is the lowest land volcano in the world, at 48 meters below sea level. Zoom in19) on the bright yellow landscape dotted with white salt beds to find this scene of corrosive20) gases forcing sulfur and iron out of the soil. The minerals then crystallize into delicate bubbles up to 8 centimeters tall―the size of a large brown chicken egg―before shattering in a mild breeze.

Painted Hills

Location: Oregon, USA

In this aerial view21) of the Painted Hills, a gully22) carved by runoff23) in heavy storms twists across the landscape. The hills themselves are layers of volcanic ash carried on the wind from nearby volcanoes more than 30 million years ago. "This volcanic ash built up, layer after layer, continually burying the marshes24) and forests that flourished in the moist and warm tropical climate of the period," Jung-Huttl writes. Eroded25) volcanic materials stripe the fossil beds red, while the dark striations26) and flecks27) are the remains of dead vegetation.

埃特纳火山之巅

位于意大利的西西里岛

埃特纳火山名字的含义是“我燃烧”,它一直是欧洲最为活跃的火山,最近一次喷发是在2015年5月16日。这座火山位于意大利南部,是个高高耸立的圆锥状成层火山,由一层层硬化的火山熔岩、火山碎屑和火山灰构成。虽然山脚下的热带植物一片欣欣向荣,但是积雪却覆盖着陡峭的山坡,还在3350米高的山顶处与黑色的火山灰相混杂。从这张图(编注:见上图)上可以看到位于山顶的四个火山口,它们会喷出含有硫黄的蒸汽。

玛丽非桑朵火山

位于冰岛

正如地质学家安格莉卡・容-许特尔所描述的那样,唯一可以从海面上方看见北美板块和欧亚板块之间边界线的地方在冰岛,在这里,大西洋中脊每年都要把欧洲大陆推离北美大陆5~10厘米。米达尔斯冰原是冰岛的第四大冰川,在其风化作用下,一座曾经活跃的火山渣锥变成了一座小山,山上满是翠绿色的苔藓和一块块红色的铁氧化物,还有一片由熔岩和火山灰构成的黑色沙漠,而这一切形成了玛丽非桑朵火山。

火山口的农田

位于肯尼亚的马萨比特火山

马萨比特火山位于东非大裂谷的边缘地带,是一座有着500万年历史的盾状火山――一种顶面宽阔、具有由流动熔岩形成的缓坡的火山。它“就像是一座比肯尼亚北部的查尔比沙漠高出大约1000米的绿色小岛”,容-许特尔这样描述道。尽管肯尼亚北部是典型的干旱气候,年平均降雨量为250~500毫米,但由于火山岩具有吸水的特性,可以在短暂的雨季储存水分,使得人们在这里进行农业耕种成为可能。新的地貌正沿着东非大裂谷形成,而且据科学家称,再过几百万年,一个新大洋将会把非洲一分为二。

魔鬼的咽喉

位于吉布提的塔朱拉湾

“在黑色的熔岩区上,一条条裂缝纵横交错,一座座火山渣锥星罗棋布,与之相连的是水晶般透明的海水,里面生长着大量的珊瑚。”容-许特尔这样写道。塔朱拉湾翻译成英文意思是“魔鬼的咽喉”,它是一条长而狭窄的海湾,位于阿萨尔裂谷的上方。每年,这里的地壳和上地幔都要上延两厘米,致使熔岩流和火山灰堆积,形成高达100米的火山口锥。

会呼吸的火山结构

位于埃塞俄比亚的达洛尔火山

达洛尔火山处于海平面以下48米,是世界上地势最低的陆地火山,坐落在埃塞俄比亚北部的达纳吉尔洼地――这个洼地是地球上最热的地方,平均气温为34摄氏度。如果把镜头推向这片点缀着白色盐层的亮黄色风景带,则可以看到这样的景象。具有腐蚀性的气体迫使土壤中的硫和铁不断析出。随后,这些矿物质在被微风吹散之前,会结晶成一个个高达八厘米的脆弱气泡,就像一个红皮大鸡蛋那么大。

彩绘山

位于美国的俄勒冈州

在彩绘山的这张鸟瞰图(编注:见右下图)上,暴风雨冲刷形成的径流在山上雕刻出一个小峡谷,蜿蜒穿过这片风景。彩绘山本身是由一层又一层随风飘来的火山灰堆积而成的,这些火山灰来自坐落在附近、拥有3000多万年历史的火山群。“这种火山灰层层堆积,使得当时那些曾在温暖潮湿的热带气候中繁茂生长的沼泽和森林不断被掩埋。”容-许特尔这样写道。被侵蚀了的火山物质使化石层产生了红色的条纹,而那些深色的条痕和斑点则是死去的植物留下来的残骸。 1. flora [?fl??r?] n. (指某一地区的)植物群

2. stratovolcano [?str?t??v?l?ke?n??] n. 【地】成层火山

3. conical [?k?n?kl] adj. 圆锥形的

4. lava [?l?v?] n. 火山熔岩;火山岩

5. pyroclastic [?pa?r???kl?st?k] adj. 火成碎屑的

6. crater [?kre?t?(r)] n. 火山口;坑

7. sulfurous [?s?lf?r?s] adj. 【化】硫的;含硫的

8. glacier [?l?si?(r)] n. 冰河;冰川

9. weather [?we??(r)] vi. 风干;风化

10. cinder cone: 火山渣锥。cinder [?s?nd?(r)] n. 【地】火山渣。cone [k??n] n. 【地】火山锥

11. absorptive [?b's??pt?v] adj. 有吸收性的;有吸收力的

12. crisscross [?kr?s?kr?s] vt. (在某处)交叉

13. fissure [?f???(r)] n. (岩石、地面等的)裂缝,裂隙

14. strew [stru?] vt. 撒在……上;散落在……上

15. gorge [??d?] n. 咽喉

16. mantle [?m?ntl] n. 【地】地幔

17. exhalation [?eksh??le??n] n. 呼气;呼出

18. depression [d??pre?n] n. 凹陷;洼地

19. zoom in: (摄取特写镜头时摄影机)推进

20. corrosive [k??r??s?v] adj. 腐蚀的;有害的

21. aerial view: 鸟瞰图,俯视图

22. gully [??li] n. 小峡谷

23. runoff [?r?n?f] n. (雨水、融雪等的地表)径流(量)

24. marsh [m??] n. 沼泽;湿地

25. erode [??r??d] vt. 侵蚀;腐蚀

26. striation [stra??e??n] n. 【地】条痕,擦痕

27. fleck [flek] n. 斑点

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