每个人都曾试图在平淡的学习、工作和生活中写一篇文章。写作是培养人的观察、联想、想象、思维和记忆的重要手段。相信许多人会觉得范文很难写？下面是小编帮大家整理的优质范文，仅供参考，大家一起来看看吧。
summary200字大学生篇一
《summary of bilateral wto agreement》
february 2,
agriculture
the agreement would eliminate barriers and increase access for . exports across a broad range of commodities. commitments include:
significant cuts in tariffs that will be completed by january . overall average for agricultural products will be percent and for . priority products 14 percent (down from 31 percent).
establishment of a tariff-rate quota system for imports of bulk commodities, ., wheat, corn, cotton, barley, and rice, that provides a share of the trq for private traders. specific rules on how the trq will operate and increased transparency in the process will help ensure that imports occur. significant and growing quota quantities subject to tariffs that average between 1-3 percent.
immediate elimination of the tariff-rate quota system for barley, peanut oil, sunflower-seed oil, cottonseed oil, and a phase-out for soybean oil.
the right to import and distribute products without going through a state-trading enterprise or middleman.
elimination of export subsidies on agricultural products.
china has also agreed to the elimination of sps barriers that are not based on scientific evidence.
industrial products
china would lower tariffs and eliminate broad systemic barriers to . exports, such as limits on who can import goods and distribute them in china, as well as barriers such as quotas and licenses on . products.
tariffs
tariffs cut from an average of percent to an average of percent overall and percent on . priority products.
china will participate in the information technology agreement (ita) and eliminate all tariffs on products such as computers, telecommunications equipment, semiconductors, computer equipment, and other high-technology products.
in the auto sector, china will cut tariffs from the current 80-100% level to 25% by mid-, with the largest cuts in the first years after accession.
auto parts tariffs will be cut to an average of 10% by mid-2006.
in the wood and paper sectors, tariffs will drop from present levels of 12?18% on wood and 15-25% on paper down to levels generally between 5% and .
china will also be implementing the vast majority of the chemical harmonization initiative. under that initiative, tariffs will be at 0, and percent for products in each category.
elimination of quotas and licenses
wto rules bar quotas and other quantitative restrictions. china has agreed to eliminate these restrictions with phase-ins limited to five years.
quotas: china will eliminate existing quotas upon accession for the top . priorities (. optic fiber cable). it will phase out remaining quotas, generally by , but no later than .
quotas will grow from current trade levels at a 15% annual rate in order to ensure that market access increases progressively.
auto quotas will be phased out by 2005. in the interim, the base-level quota will be $6 billion (the level prior to chinas auto industrial policy), and this will grow by 15% annually until elimination.
right to import and distribute
trading rights and distribution are among the top concerns for . manufacturers and agricultural exporters. at present, china severely restricts trading rights (the right to import and export) and the ability to own and operate distribution networks. under the agreement, trading rights and distribution services will be progressively phased in over three years. china will also open up sectors related to distribution services, such as repair and maintenance, warehousing, trucking and air courier services.
services
china has made commitments to phase out most restrictions in a broad range of services sectors, including distribution, banking, insurance, telecommunications, professional services such as accountancy and legal consulting, business and computer related services, motion pictures and video and sound recording services. china will also participate in the basic telecommunications and financial services agreements.
grandfathering
china will grandfather the existing level of market access already in effect at the time of chinas accession for . services companies currently operating in china. this will protect existing american businesses operating under contractual or shareholder agreements or a license from new restrictions as china phases in their commitments.
distribution and related services
china generally prohibits foreign firms from distributing products other than those they make in china, or from controlling their own distribution networks. under the agreement, china has agreed to liberalize wholesaling and retailing services for most products, including imported goods, throughout china in three years. in addition, china has agreed to open up the logistical chain of related services such as maintenance and repair, storage and warehousing , packaging, advertising, trucking and air express services, marketing, and customer support in three to four years.
telecommunications
china now prohibits foreign investment in telecommunications services. for the first time, china has agreed to permit direct investment in telecommunications businesses. china will also participate in the basic telecommunications agreement. specific commitments include:
regulatory principles ?- china has agreed to implement the pro?competitive regulatory principles embodied in the basic telecommunications agreement (including interconnection rights and independent regulatory authority) and will allow foreign suppliers to use any technology they choose to provide telecommunications services.
china will gradually phase out all geographic restrictions for paging and value-added services in two years, mobile voice and data services in five years, and domestic and international services in six years.
china will permit 50 percent foreign equity share for value-added and paging services two years after accession, 49 percent foreign equity share for mobile voice and data services five years after accession, and for domestic and international services six years after accession.
insurance
currently, only two . insurers have access to chinas market. under the agreement:
china agreed to award licenses solely on the basis of prudential criteria, with no economic-needs test or quantitative limits on the number of licenses issued.
china will progressively eliminate all geographic limitations within 3 years. internal branching will be permitted consistent with the elimination of these restrictions.
china will expand the scope of activities for foreign insurers to include group, health and pension lines of insurance, phased in over 5 years. foreign property and casualty firms will be able to insure large-scale commercial risks nationwide immediately upon accession.
china agreed to allow 50 percent ownership for life insurance. life insurers may also choose their own joint venture partners. for non-life, china will allow branching or 51 percent ownership on accession and wholly owned subsidiaries in 2 years. reinsurance is completely open upon accession (100 percent, no restrictions).
banking
currently foreign banks are not permitted to do local currency business with chinese clients (a few can engage in local currency business with their foreign clients). china imposes severe geographic restrictions on the establishment of foreign banks.
china has committed to full market access in five years for . banks.
foreign banks will be able to conduct local currency business with chinese enterprises starting 2 years after accession.
foreign banks will be able to conduct local currency business with chinese inspaniduals from 5 years after accession.
foreign banks will have the same rights (national treatment) as chinese banks within designated geographic areas.
both geographic and customer restrictions will be removed in five years.
non-bank financial companies can offer auto financing upon accession.
securities
china will permit minority foreign-owned joint ventures to engage in fund management on the same terms as chinese firms. by three years after accession, foreign ownership of these joint ventures will be allowed to rise to 49 percent. as the scope of business expands for chinese firms, foreign joint venture securities companies will enjoy the same expansion in scope of business. in addition, 33 percent foreign?owned joint ventures will be allowed to underwrite domestic equity issues and underwrite and trade in international equity and all corporate and government debt issues.
professional services
china has made
1. presents the original text’s title.
2. presents the author’s full name.
3. presents the author’s purpose for writing.
4. identifies the thesis statement.
5. identifies all of the text’s main ideas.
6. selects the key information in the text.
7. does not include details or other information not included in the text.
8. is mostly written in your own words.
9. is clear and easy to follow.
summary范文欣赏：
in the essay “preparing for your first job interview,” author jim sweeny gives advice to recent graduates who are interviewing for their first job. specifically, he says that there are things they can do to prepare for the interview. first, sweeny tells students that they should make a list of questions they might be asked. these questions are usually about how a person’s school experience relates to the job he or she is applying for. then sweeny says that students should prepare answers to the questions and practice responding to them, and he explains a way to do this. in conclusion, he tells students not to get discouraged by the interviewing process.
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summary200字大学生篇五(1) 仔细读摘要的第一句话，找出它在原文中的出处，通常是和原文某段话的第一句相对应。如果题目要求中已经指出了摘要的出处，则此步可以略去不做。
(2) 注意空格前后的词，到原文中去找这些词的对应词。
对应词的特点如下：
a. 原词
b. 词性变化;如空格前的词为threatening, 是形容词，原文中的词为threat, 是名词。
c. 语态变化;一个是主动语态，一个是被动语态。
d. 同义词;如空格前的词为throw away，原文中的词为discard(丢弃，抛弃，遗弃)，它们是同义词。
(3) 仔细阅读对应所在的句子，确定正确答案。
(4) 注意语法，所填答案必须符合语法规定。
(5) 注意顺序性，即题目的顺序和原文的顺序基本一致。
notice
1. 注意题目要求中是否有字数限制。
若要求从原文选词或自己写词，会有字数要求，如use one or two words等，答案必须满足这个要求。
2. 若从原文选词，只能选原文中连续的几个词，不能改变它们的顺序。
如原文为virgin fibre, 发生答案不可能是fibre virgin。原文为 advances in the technology，答案不可能是technology advances。
3. 若要求从原文选词，越是生词，越可能是答案。
下列比较生僻的词如sustainable(可持续的)、biodegradable(可生物降解的)、contaminants(废物，杂物)、nostrils(鼻孔)都是一些题目的答案。
4. 从选项中选词，要注意看题目要求是写答案本身，还是写选项前的代表字母。
选项前有代表字母的，肯定是要求答代表字母。最近的考试中，选项前大部分都有代表字母。
5. 从选项中选词，答案与原文的六大对应关系。
(1) 原文原词：与原文完全相同的词或短语。
(2) 词性变化：原文为necessary，是形容词，选项为necessity，是名词。
(3) 语态变化：原文为governments have encouraged waste paper collection and sorting schemes，是主动语态。摘要中的句子为people have also been encouraged by government to collect their waste on a regular basis，是被动语态。
(4) 图表：如果原文中有图表，一般会有一题答案来自图表。
(5) 同义词：原文为tight，选项为restricted，是同义词。
(6) 归纳：有时文中没有直接提及，须从几句话中归纳出答案。一般比较难，目前考试中，至少有一个空格是归纳出来的。
6.从选项中选词，如果时间不够，可以直接从选项中选择，不看原文。
这时，要特别注意语法。这样做的准确性50%左右(视题目的难易及考生的水平而定)。所以除非时间不够，否则不建议大家这样做。
7. 如果要求自己写词，答案绝大部分是原文原词，少部分是对原文原词做的形式上的修改。
要求自己写词的机率很小，遇到过一次。在这一次的5个题目中有4个答案是原文原词，剩下一个，原文原词是de-inked，答案根据语法的需要改为de-ink。
雅思阅读考前必看文章之教育心理类
雅思阅读：coarse work
british universities, it appears, are considering abandoning a 200-year old system of degree classification in favour of the american gpa model. at present, students are bunched into grade clusters. the top 10-20% receive a “1st”, the majority receive a “” or “two-one” and the stragglers receive either a “two-two” or a “3rd”. the latter group can be very small (5%) at the elite universities but is larger nationally.
the main reasoning for this is that it is hard for employers to distinguish between graduates if everyone has a grade. but it is possible for employers to ask for a full transcript of inspanidual grades, though this is not nearly as common in britain as you might expect. the stronger point (which you might have already picked up on) is that the existing system can be difficult to interpret internationally. adopting the gpa system would be helpful to undergraduates wishing to study or work abroad.
i think this might be missing a trick. my experience of the 1st/ system is that it has a very strong effect on students work effort. for weaker students, either those of lower natural ability or the more workshy, fear of the notorious “desmond” (cockney rhyming slang after the eponymous archbishop) is the ultimate motivator. many attractive careers simply advertise the minimum requirement of a , and therefore getting the lower grade can be quite a handicap in the job market.
for stronger students, the aspiration of a first, the only true distinguisher in the system, is also a strong incentive. the risk is that working quite hard could leave you with only a high , largely indistinguishable from all other s. the crudeness of the grading system drags everyone up.
an interesting paper by pradeep dubey and john geanakoplos of the cowles foundation at yale univeristy makes the same point. they write:
suppose that the professor judges each students performance exactly, though the performance itself may depend on random factors, in addition to ability and effort. suppose also that the professor is motivated solely by a desire to induce his students to work hard. third and most importantly, suppose that the students care about their relative rank in the class, that is, about their status. we show that, in this scenario, coarse grading often motivates the student to work harder.
one might think that finer hierarchies generate more incentives. but this is often not the case. coarse hierarchies can paradoxically create more competition for status, and thus better incentives for work.
they give a simple example. suppose there are two students, brainy and dumbo, with disparate abilities. brainy achieves a uniformly higher score even when he shirks and dumbo works. suppose, for example, that dumbo scores between 40 and 50 if he shirks, and between 50 and 60 if he works, while brainy scores between 70 and 80 if he shirks and 80 and 90 if he works. with perfectly fine grading, brainy will come ahead of dumbo regardless of their effort levels. but since they only care about rank, both will shirk.
but, by assigning a grade a to scores above 85, b to scores between 50 and 85, and c to below 50, the professor can inspire dumbo to work, for then dumbo stands a chance to acquire the same status b as brainy, even when brainy is working. this in turn generates the competition which in fact spurs brainy to work, so that with luck he can distinguish himself from dumbo. he doesnt want to be mislabelled. with finer grading everyone gets their own label so this effect disappears.
the corollary to this in my example is that if the brainy student knows that even when slacking off he will still do measurably better than most students he may decide that he can still get a very good job with 70 to 80. there may be students who score 80 to 90 with superior credentials but academic performance is only part of the hiring criteria. if he can signal himself as a brainy student he might think this is enough.
however, critical to all this is that all exams are taken together, as they are at oxford or cambridge universities, usually at the end of the degree in a consecutive-day marathon. the trend in other british universities has been to examine various courses throughout the degree. the result is that those in the middle of the ability range can work very hard at the beginning, bank a and then slack off in the remaining years. it is partly for this reason that those universities pushing hardest for the changes have exams split across years. oxford and cambridge are less keen.
雅思阅读考前必看文章之教育心理类
雅思阅读：game lessons
it sounds like a cop-out, but the future of schooling may lie with video games
since the beginning of mass education, schools have relied on what is known in educational circles as “chalk and talk”. chalk and blackboard may sometimes be replaced by felt-tip pens and a whiteboard, and electronics in the form of computers may sometimes be bolted on, but the idea of a pedagogue leading his pupils more or less willingly through a day based on periods of study of recognisable academic disciplines, such as mathematics, physics, history, geography and whatever the local language happens to be, has rarely been abandoned.
abandoning it, though, is what katie salen hopes to do. ms salen is a games designer and a professor of design and technology at parsons the new school for design, in new york. she is also the moving spirit behind quest to learn, a new, taxpayer-funded school in that city which is about to open its doors to pupils who will never suffer the indignity of snoring through double french but will, rather, spend their entire days playing games.
quest to learn draws on many roots. one is the research of james gee of the university of wisconsin. in dr gee published a book called “what video games have to teach us about learning and literacy”, in which he argued that playing such games helps people develop a sense of identity, grasp meaning, learn to follow commands and even pick role models. another is the macarthur foundations digital media and learning initiative, which began in and which has acted as a test-bed for some of ms salens ideas about educational-games design. a third is the success of the bank street school for children, an independent primary school in new york that practises what its parent, the nearby bank street college of education, preaches in the way of interdisciplinary teaching methods and the encouragement of pupil collaboration.
ms salen is, in effect, seeking to mechanise bank streets methods by transferring much of the pedagogic effort from the teachers themselves (who will now act in an advisory role) to a set of video games that she and her colleagues have devised. instead of chalk and talk, children learn by doing—and do so in a way that tears up the usual subject-based curriculum altogether.
periods of maths, science, history and so on are no more. quest to learns school day will, rather, be spanided into four 90-minute blocks devoted to the study of “domains”. such domains include codeworlds (a combination of mathematics and english), being, space and place (english and social studies), the way things work (maths and science) and sports for the mind (game design and digital literacy). each domain concludes with a two-week examination called a “boss level”—a common phrase in video-game parlance.
freeing the helots
in one of the units of being, space and place, for example, pupils take on the role of an ancient spartan who has to assess athenian strengths and recommend a course of action. in doing so, they learn bits of history, geography and public policy. in a unit of the way things work, they try to inhabit the minds of scientists devising a pathway for a beam of light to reach a target. this lesson touches on maths, optics—and, the organisers hope, creative thinking and teamwork. another way-things-work unit asks pupils to imagine they are pyramid-builders in ancient egypt. this means learning about maths and engineering, and something about the countrys religion and geography.
whether things will work the way ms salen hopes will, itself, take a few years to find out. the school plans to admit pupils at the age of 12 and keep them until they are 18, so the first batch will not leave until . if it fails, traditionalists will no doubt scoff at the idea that teaching through playing games was ever seriously entertained. if it succeeds, though, it will provide a model that could make chalk and talk redundant. and it will have shown that in education, as in other fields of activity, it is not enough just to apply new technologies to existing processes—for maximum effect you have to apply them in new and imaginative ways.
summary200字大学生篇六
summary of bilateral wto agreement(4)
protocol provisions
commitments in chinas wto protocol and working party report establish rights and obligations enforceable through wto dispute settlement procedures. we have agreed on key provisions relating to antidumping and subsidies, protection against import surges, technology transfer requirements, and offsets, as well as practices of state?owned and state?invested enterprises. these rules are of special importance to . workers and business.
china has agreed to implement the trims agreement upon accession, eliminate and cease enforcing trade and foreign exchange balancing requirements, as well as local content requirements, refuse to enforce contracts imposing these requirements, and only impose or enforce laws or other provisions relating to the transfer of technology or other know-how, if they are in accordance with the wto agreements on protection of intellectual property rights and trade?related investment measures.
these provisions will also help protect american firms against forced technology transfers. china has agreed that, upon accession, it will not condition investment approvals, import licenses, or any other import approval process on performance requirements of any kind, including: local content requirements, offsets, transfer of technology, or requirements to conduct research and development in china.
antidumping and subsidies methodology
the agreed protocol provisions ensure that american firms and workers will have strong protection against unfair trade practices including dumping and subsidies. the . and china have agreed that we will be able to maintain our current antidumping methodology (treating china as a non-market economy) in future anti-dumping cases. this provision will remain in force for 15 years after chinas accession to the wto. moreover, when we apply our countervailing duty law to china we will be able to
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summary200字大学生篇七
题目描述：
given a sorted integer array without duplicates, return the summary of its ranges.
for example, given [0,1,2,4,5,7], return [0->2,4->5,7].
credits:
special thanks to @ for adding this problem and creating all test cases.
就是给定一个已排序的数组，返回一个字符串数组，每个字符串表示为元素区间的合并，
本题是典型的two pointer 问题。
思路：
一次遍历，使用two pointer方法，from 表示区间的起始元素，to表示区间的结束元素。
如果相邻元素nums[i]和nums[i-1]差值为1，区间范围+1：to = nums[i] ，注意最后元素的处理。
否则：
如果from不等于to：
将range = [from,to]添加到解集中，并更新from的位置。
如果from和to相等：
将range=from(或to)添加到解集
注意末尾元素的判断（如果已打末尾，添加末尾元素）
实现代码：
public class solution { public ilist
summaryranges(int[] nums) { if( == 0){return new list
; } if( == 1){return new list
(){nums[0].tostring()}; } var from = nums[0]; var to = nums[0]; var ret = new list
(); for(var i = 1 ;i < ; i++){if(nums[i] - nums[i-1] == 1){ to = nums[i]; if(i == - 1){ (({0}->{1}, from , to)); }}else{ if(from != to){ (({0}->{1}, from , to)); if(i == - 1 && to != nums[ - 1]){ (nums[i].tostring()); } } else{ (()); if(i == - 1){ (nums[i].tostring()); } } from = nums[i]; to = nums[i];} } return ret; }}
summary200字大学生篇八summary of bilateral wto agreement(2)
right to import and distribute
trading rights and distribution are among the top concerns for . manufacturers and agricultural exporters. at present, china severely restricts trading rights (the right to import and export) and the ability to own and operate distribution networks. under the agreement, trading rights and distribution services will be progressively phased in over three years. china will also open up sectors related to distribution services, such as repair and maintenance, warehousing, trucking and air courier services.
services
china has made commitments to phase out most restrictions in a broad range of services sectors, including distribution, banking, insurance, telecommunications, professional services such as accountancy and legal consulting, business and computer related services, motion pictures and video and sound recording services. china will also participate in the basic telecommunications and financial services agreements.
grandfathering
china will grandfather the existing level of market access already in effect at the time of chinas accession for . services companies currently operating in china. this will protect existing american businesses operating under contractual or shareholder agreements or a license from new restrictions as china phases in their commitments.
distribution and related services
china generally prohibits foreign firms from distributing products other than those they make in china, or from controlling their own distribution networks. under the agreement, china has agreed to liberalize wholesaling and retailing services for most products, including imported goods, throughout china in three years. in addition, china has agreed to open up the logistical chain of related services such as maintenance and repair, storage and warehousing , packaging, advertising, trucking and
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