每个人都曾试图在平淡的学习、工作和生活中写一篇文章。写作是培养人的观察、联想、想象、思维和记忆的重要手段。那么我们该如何写一篇较为完美的范文呢？接下来小编就给大家介绍一下优秀的范文该怎么写，我们一起来看一看吧。
湖师大英美文学考研书目 湖南师范大学英美文学考研难度篇一
2009级师范三班刘静 robinson crusoe is written by defoe(1660 ~ 1731), known as the father of english novel and the periodical is the father of the english novel and periodical literature, who was born in a family which was against the anglican father is a businessman, doing article influenced the later development of journal articles and e the speech, he was repeatedly the age of 59 defoe began writing fiction as a novelist, show remarkable on crusoe robinson is defoe's first novel, is also one of the most famous is based on a british seaman on a deserted island alone for 4 years in exile records and on is the heroine of defoe works in accordance with their ideals and created the character, he killed out of doing business, living on a desert island for 28 years, overcome all sorts of unimaginable start empty-handed, develop the island, not only to their own survival, and create a new was a pioneer in the image, a real asset class this figure embodies the western ocean civilization tradition, with the outward development of curiosity, desire to conquer and spirit of adventure, praised the strength quality and working novel opens english realistic novel this novel, there are so many about the wonderful part, but two points impress: one is the author of the narrative language easy to front of the book, the author use a lot of space to introduce robinson in the sea to sea before, whether does not listen to parents' guide, but follow the guidance of the soul, the careful psychological description, the author description most is a fascinating story, the protagonist of nearly thirty years of life vividly in front of us, let our eyes as if emerging from a young on crusoe is to let a person look after all that the most primitive, most of my books, not only because it is the wonderful, and it gives us the modern most qualities i learn from robinson crusoe is not his hard-working and brave, but his amazing mental can imagine, a single large living alone on a desert island life ten years, no one to accompany him, even the most basic, and a person simply talk for a while to deserted island there is no house, no rice, can only rely on his own hard to create a piece of heaven and first nonwhite character to be given a realistic, inspanidualized, and humane portrayal in the english novel, friday has a huge literary and cultural rewritings of the crusoe story, like e’s foe and michel tournier’s friday, emphasize the sad consequences of crusoe’s
failure to understand friday and suggest how the tale might be told very differently from the native’s s his importance to our culture, friday is a key figure within the context of the ’s sincere questions to crusoe about the devil, which crusoe answers only
indirectly and hesitantly, leave us wondering whether crusoe’s knowledge of christianity is superficial and sketchy in contrast to friday’s full
understanding of his own god short, friday’s exuberance and emotional directness often point out the wooden conventionality of crusoe’s e friday’s subjugation, however, crusoe appreciates friday much more than he would a mere does not seem to value intimacy with humans much, but he does say that he loves friday, which is a
remarkable may bring friday christianity and clothing, but friday brings crusoe emotional warmth and a vitality of spirit that crusoe’s own european heart novel shows that we need to believe ourselves, where there is a will, there is our hands, then see a new is more, we are not only live ourselves in the world, we need to care about brave, and
never lose hope.
湖师大英美文学考研书目 湖南师范大学英美文学考研难度篇二
术语解释：
couplets: a rhymed pair of iambic pentameter verse: unrhymed iambic pentameter : 14 iambic pentameter lines which follows certain rhyme conquest: in the year the normans headed by which is mainly about canterbury tales, in chaucer’s plan, was to exceed that of boccaccio’s decameron, but he failed and only 24 tales were m shakespeare, one of the first founders of the first period of his work shakespeare wrote:
1590the second and third part of king henry vi
1591the first part of king henry vi
1592the life and death of king richard iii;the comedy of errors
1593titus andronicus;the taming of the shrew
1594the two gentlemen of verona;love’s labour’s lost;romeo and juliet
1595the life and death of richard ii;a midsummer night’s dream
***8much ado about nothing;the merry wives of windsor;the life of king henry v
1599the life and death of julius caesar;as you like it
1600twelfth night, or, what you will
in the second period:
1601 1602 troilus and cressida;all’s well that ends well
160416051606antony and cleopatra
1607the tragedy of coriolanus;timon of athens
1608pericles, prince of tyre
in the third period:
1609cymbeline, king of britain
1610the winter’s tale
1612the tempest;the life of king henry viii
be, or not to be: that is the question: is soliloquy which used in a play on the stage and without a die, to sleep, no s bacon is scientist, philosopher, donne, a metaphysical poets(玄学派诗人)
john milton, his paradise lost, which tells how satan rebelled against god and how adam and eve were driven1
out of bunyan, the plain man’s pathway to heaven.成功刻画人物。
daniel defoe, robinson crusoe, the first english novel, 是一部现实主义小说，作品的主题是通过对主人公鲁滨孙的成功刻画，歌颂资本主义上升时期那种不畏艰难和困苦，充满野心和冒险精神，富有百折不挠，顽强毅力和斗志，依靠自己的双手改变一切、创造一切的自我奋斗和创业精神。is a realistic novel, the theme is according to the successfully describe of the hero robinson, sing the praises of the not afraid of hardships and difficulties, and full of ambition and spirit of adventure , indomitable will power and fighting power, what’s more, the spirit of self-made depending on oneself in the liftperiod of swift, his gulliver’s travels, 抨击当时英国的议会政治和反动的宗教势力，通过描写格列佛四次遇险，写出了作者看透了当代的腐败，以讽刺的方法，抨击了当时腐败的社会。attack the britain
parliamentarism and reactionary religious forces, according to describe gulliver’s four-time distress to show the writer has understood the contemporary social corruption, and attack the corrupted society by satire at that tinry fielding is the father of english smith is the first american jefferson is the writer of the declaration of literature of romanticism period is from american war of independence to before the civil ing historical romance loaded with symbolism and deep psychological themes, bordering on
depictions of the past are a version of historical fiction used only as a vehicle to express
transcendentalism是美国浪漫主义最高潮时期的体验，认为世间万物都是平等的。
henry david thoreau is the beginner of melville, american novelist, proser and dick, in which shows the struggle between
mankind and nature and draw people’s attention on how to get along with nature wants to subvert transcendentalism.9.诗歌鉴赏
sonnet 18
shall i compare thee to a summer's day?我能否将你比作夏天？
thou art more lovely and more temperate:你比夏天更美丽温婉。
rough winds do shake the darling buds of may,狂风将五月的蓓蕾凋残，and summer's lease hath all too short a date;夏日的勾留何其短暂。
sometime too hot the eye of heaven shines,休恋那丽日当空，and often is his gold complexion dimm'd,转眼会云雾迷蒙。
and every fair from fair sometime declines,休叹那百花飘零，by chance or nature's changing course untrimm'd:催折于无常的天命。
but thy eternal summer shall not fade唯有你永恒的夏日常新
nor lose possession of that fair thou ow'st,你的美貌亦毫发无损。
nor shall death brag thou wand'rest in his shade,死神也无缘将你幽禁，when in eternal lines to time thou grow'st.你在我永恒的诗中长存。
so long as men can breathe or eyes can see,只要世间尚有人吟诵我的诗篇，so long lives this,and this gives life to thee.这诗就将不朽，永葆你的芳颜。
全诗的基本格律是五音步抑扬格（iambic pentameter），包括三个四行组（quatrain）和一个对偶句(couplet)，采用典型的莎氏十四行的韵式，即abab cdcd efef gg。
二、比喻和描述有时平淡或离奇，破坏意美
sonnet 29
when, in disgrace with fortune and man's eyes当我受尽命运和人们的白眼，i all alone beweep my outcast state暗暗地哀悼自己的身世飘零，and trouble deaf heaven with my bootless cries徒用呼吁去干扰聋瞶的昊天,and look upon my self and curse my fate顾盼着身影，诅咒自己的生辰，wishing me like to one more rich in hope愿我和另一个一样富于希望，featured like him,like him with friends possess'd面貌相似，又和他一样广交游，desiring this man's art and that man's scope希求这人的渊博，那人的内行，with what i most enjoy contented least最赏心的乐事觉得最不对头；
yet in these thought myself almost despising可是，当我正要这样看轻自己，haply i think on thee,and then my state忽然想起了你，于是我的精神，like to the lark at break of day arising便象云雀破晓从阴霾的大地
from sullen earth sings hymns at heaven's gate振翮上升，高唱着圣歌在天门：
for thy sweet love remember'd such wealth brings一想起你的爱使我那么富有，that then i scorn to change my state with kings和帝王换位我也不屑于屈就。
赏析：对社会、对自己的命运的不满和无奈。格律是五音步抑扬格（iambic pentameter）.韵式，即abab
cdcd efef gg。
to a waterfowl《 致 水 鸟 》
-----by william cullen bryant威廉·卡伦·布赖恩特
whither, 'midst falling dew,披着滴落的露珠，while glow the heavens with the last steps of day,天空灿烂，白日的行程就要结束；
far, through their rosy depths, dost thou pursue穿过玫瑰色的遥远空际，thy solitary way?你往何方把孤单的前程追逐？
总结：as the dew falls and the sun sets in the rosy depths of the heavens, i wonder where you(waterfowl)are
going?
vainly the fowler's eye看你远远飞翔而无计可施，might mark thy distant flight to do thee wrong,捕鸟人的眼光徒劳眷顾；
as, darkly painted on the crimson sky,满天红霞把你映衬，thy figure floats along.暗黑的身影飘飘飞舞。
总结：the hunter can bring no harm to you ,you are free and t success, a hunter(fowler)might try to
bring you down as you float in silhouette against the crimson evening 'st thou the plashy brink你是在寻找开阔的大河之滨，of weedy lake, or marge of river wide,还是波浪拍岸的水草之湖？
or where the rocking billows rise and sink或者潮水冲刷的海滩，on the chafed ocean side?那里的巨浪奔腾起伏？
• 总结：are you seeking for a place that is suitable for rest? are you looking for the marshy edge of a lake,the bank of a river, or the shore of the ocean?
there is a power whose care有上苍把你关照，teaches thy way along that pathless coast,--在无路的海岸为你指路，the desert and illimitable air,--在荒漠和无边的空际，lone wandering, but not lost.你孤单的飘荡不致迷途。
• 总结：there is a power that leads you on your way across deserts and through unlimited expanses of may be wandering and alone, but you are not day thy wings have fann'd你成天翕动翅膀，at that far height, the cold thin atmosphere:任空气稀薄暴风寒冷，飞在高处，yet stoop not, weary, to the welcome land,疲乏中你不肯降落舒适的大地，though the dark night is near.即使黑夜即将紧闭它的帷幕。
总结：you have been flying the whole day, but do not stop and have a rest though dark is have been flapping your wings all day high in the sky, yet you continue on even though night is near and land beckons beneath soon that toil shall end,你很快就会结束这样的劳苦，soon shalt thou find a summer home, and rest,你即将找到你夏天的住处；
and scream among thy fellows;reeds shall bend休息中呼唤自己的伙伴，soon o'er thy sheltered nest.芦苇也会躬身把你的窝巢遮护。
• 总结：you have a strong desire to be with your family;or, to achieve your your journey will
you will descend to your summer , you will scream among others of your kind and find secure shelter among the tall 'rt gone, the abyss of heaven你的身躯全被吞没，hath swallowed up thy form;yet, on my heart天堂深渊里，你踪影全无；
deeply hath sunk the lesson thou hast given,然而你的启迪深深留在我的心底，and shall not soon depart.我将久久地久久地把它记住。
• 总结:i can no longer see you, but i will never forget the lesson you taught , who, from zone to zone,谁，从一个地方到另一个地方，guides through the boundless sky thy certain flight,指引你穿越无限的天空作必然的飞翔，in the long way that i must tread alone,也会在我必须独自跋涉的长途上，will lead my steps aright.正确地引导我的脚步。
赏析：there are eight 4-line stanzas, in each stanza, their rhyme is abab.
湖师大英美文学考研书目 湖南师范大学英美文学考研难度篇三
二外：相信大家都知道，考英语专业的研，二外是主打，拉分的重点。我学的是日语，所以就日语谈谈了。去年的日语参考书指定的是新版初级的上下册，中级上册。当时我学的是旧版的，没办法学校开的是旧版，当时九月份招生简章出来后，我就急了，担心旧版不能应付，而那时我已经把三本旧版的都学完了，于是我就专门用了两个星期的时间记了下新版的单词，扫了遍新版的文章和句型，结果证明这样是对的，二外考了86。所以大家不必着急，学校开什么就跟着上，基础是关键，一定要把基础打牢，到了暑假重点往前冲二外，在大四开学时保证二外第一遍过完，单词句型稳扎稳打。当时初级上下的两册，我就把后面的中文撕下来，最后每课都能对着中文默下来了。具体的学习方法自己去摸索，但一定要学得比较轻松，比如记单词时用点谐音啊什么的，比如有个单词“爱打扮的”，你就可以谐音成中文“我下来啦”，女孩子爱打扮，男朋友在楼下等不及了喊，她就叫“我下来啦”。去年题型多了个应用文写“请假条”，和大作文写“我所知道的日本”。所以背课文对你写作文还是很有帮助的，因为好像要写400字。如果我记错了话就是250字。
我2010年考二外日语。题型出乎意料地改了~
假名-汉字,汉字-假名 均为选择题,共20分
还有语法题（不记得是10个还是20个了，难度不大）
翻译:日译中3段（不难），五个中译日的句子（大都是初级课文中的）
取消阅读！
一篇50字的小作文！（题目没看明白，好像是写假条。5分）
一篇300字的大作文！！（去年考的是“我了解的日本”。15分）我建议:首先书本要熟读,特别是初级下。语言这个东西丢不得,每天都要碰一下。做题方面我建议选择题可以参考国际日语三级练习题,阅读参照二级。单词天天看,当然还有最重要的一个问题,就是一定要坚持下去!祝你成功!
专业课一：10年的这门课，改革了，第一年改革，所以我想11年的不会改了，学校领导和老师也没那么多时间去搞这个创新了。全部是主观题，没一个客观题，重点考察写作能力，连阅读都改成了写归纳和感想，200字归纳加300字感想。12个题目挑一个，700字，如果你没有积累，靠专门临场发挥写是磨不出来的，况且多背点有什么不好呢，12个你总可以砸到一个吧，除非你自己运气实在太差，一出门就撞到墙的那种。然后改错，10分，翻译30分，重点是写作啦，而且切忌在考场上打草稿，我就是傻傻的打了那700字的草稿，而且还是我头天晚上背的，结果等我腾玩后发现时间都快用去一半了，作文干净是干净啊，赏心悦目，可后面的时间不够，都是抢着写完的，有点遗憾留在这上面了。
英语语言运用与思维》试题以考察考生的理解、思维和英语运用能力为主，兼顾汉语表达能力。整个试卷由四个大题构成：
第1大题“proof-reading & error correction”，共10分。它由一篇连贯的短文构成，其中含有10个谬误，需要考生识别并纠正。本题主要考察考生对英语语言知识包括语法、句法、语篇、固定搭配、语言文化、以及语篇逻辑的认知水平。
第2大题“reading comprehension”共60分。它由a、b两个部分构成，a部分包含1篇短文（1000词左右），共提出了5个问题，主要考察考生对文章的理解能力和对作者思想的概括分析能力。b部分包括对某个主题展开讨论、说明或记叙的3篇短文，每篇短**在1000词左右。要求考生阅读后，首先在规定的字数内综述这3篇短文的主要内容，然后结合自身认知与感受，表达对作者观点的看法，自抒己见，同时对作者的看法也要做出解释，并且能够联系到实际。
第3大题“writing”共50分。它包含有12个可选题目，全部都是具有议论性质的题目，其主要是考察考生分析和思辨能力，这里没有绝对的对与错，只要论点(thesis statements)，论据(illustrations)和辩论(substantiations)合理，并能逻辑清楚地表达出来，就可以得到好分数。该题主要考察考生的认知水平，学科知识的系统性，具体表现为思维的逻辑性，思想的新颖性，和语言表述的准确性、简洁性。
第4大题“translate the following text into chinese”共30分。要求考生将一篇有关人生哲理、科技的或学术方面的英语短文（500词以内）翻译成汉语，主要考察考生的汉语表达能力。
先高级英语：有一些指定的文章。第一册是：1.2.5.6.9.10课
第二册是：1.2.3.4.5课
基本上就是这些。一般是不会超出这些范围的，试题在书上的分数会保持在15分
左右。主要是paraphrase, figure of speech之类的。
题型和专八的没太大区别。所以一些专业八级的数目是必要的。记单词我推很少看到高级英语的资料，我问过一个师大的学姐，她告诉我高英复习课文很重要，重点是看她们学校学的课文（下册1，2，5，6，9，10，11），其他的课文也要兼顾。复习中注重课文中的修辞和课后练习中的paraphrase~~~
这些讲义中包含上面所有的课文，还有综合整理出的重点的词汇（依据朗文的e-e解释），以及修辞和辅助理解课文的背景资料~~~
湖师大英美文学考研书目 湖南师范大学英美文学考研难度篇四
《英美文学》复习方法
一、找到《英美文学》的辅导书，例如《自考一本通》《自考直通车》等类型的汉语版辅导书。
二、先把汉语版辅导书的课文翻译通读，理解了全书每个章节的内容和知识点；用汉语记录重点；
三、第一轮复习顺序：
1、先看英国文学，后看美国文学
2、按照时间顺序看，每个时代都有代表性文学流派和代表作家及代表性作品
3、按照课本的章节顺序，看完汉语译文后，对照英语译文，划出课本上对每个时代代表性流派，代表作家和代表作品的描述和评论。名词性描述一般是填空题和选择搭配题；评论部分是简单题和问答题；*只看代表性的重要信息，非代表性作品和作家生平介绍不用看；记住某个时代某个流派有哪些代表作家，哪些代表性作品及该作品的简要介绍和评论。
4、按照章节划出重点信息，然后整理笔记；
5、全部整理完毕之后，基本上对文学史和代表文学作品有了基本了解。
四、第二轮复习顺序
1、找到历年真题，做题的时候对照答案，寻找该答案在课文原文中的原始线索，并作好整理记录；
2、整理理解全部真题的答案以后，对课本的重点知识就有了比较清楚的理解；
五、考前突击复习
1、依据真题笔记和第二轮复习的笔记，对不熟悉的部分进行重点复习。
2、根据以往考题的研究，旧题还会重新考，所以大家要关注所有做过的真题和各章节中没有考过的但属于代表性知识的部分，这些有可能是将要考的新题。自学考试已经有历史了，所以过去的真题加起来也就是全书的重点知识网络，所以认真复习真题并理解消化，整理帮助记忆，这对于考试制胜是最好的办法。
*警告：千万不要抛开课本直接做真题；
千万不要死记硬背，而是要在理解的基础上反复读，抄写，默记；反复整理笔记，新的笔记只记录没有掌握好的，直到最后的笔记成为提纲式的。
〈高级英语〉复习方法说明；
一、对照辅导书，精读课文，做课后练习；
二、找来历年考试真题，认真做，查到答案在课本中的相关地方
三、认真复习真题，总结知识点；错题本，反复研究错题
四、回到课本，从头到尾认真阅读课文，全面复习重点知识点；
五、整理真题，再次复习错题；
*高级英语上下册32个单元，复习面积很大，所以必须早动手，狠下功夫。
祝愿大家能够取得优秀的成绩！
