总结是写给人看的，条理不清，人们就看不下去，即使看了也不知其所以然，这样就达不到总结的目的。那关于总结格式是怎样的呢？而个人总结又该怎么写呢？以下是小编为大家收集的总结范文，仅供参考，大家一起来看看吧。
科技英语翻译结课总结 科技英语翻译感想篇一
（ningbo university of technology in profile）
宁波工程学院是一所由宁波市政府举办的全日制普通本科院校，前身宁波高等专科学校创建于1983年5月。2004年5月升格更名为宁波工程学院。学校分东、西两个校区，占地面积1400多亩（西校区（翠柏路）300亩；东校区（风华路）规划1100多亩，其中已建成约400亩），校舍建筑面积30万平方米。现有11个二级学院，27个本科专业。有教职工825人，在校全日制学生9429人。ningbo university of technology is a full-time regular undergraduate program university which financed by ningbo municipal government,it was founded in may,1983 as ningbo polytechnic college which was upgraded and redesignated in may,2004.(east campus and west campus with total area of 1400mu and building area of 0.3 million square,the west camps at 208cuibai road ,the 400mu east camps at the fenghua road to be is constituted of 11schoolos ,27 undergraduate-programs, registering a staff of 825,full-time admission of 9429.学校综合办学条件良好，基础设施齐备。现有教学仪器设备总值8989万元，馆藏图书117万余册。目前学校专任教师511人，其中有硕士以上学位者297人，占58%，博士67人，占13%；副教授129人，教授56人，副高以上占36%，师资队伍建设呈现良好发展态势。
nbut is well-equipped,in the value of 89890000rmb and a library of
1.17million university registers a faculty of 511,of whom 297 have obtained master degrees and over 67 doctor degrees,(58% and 13% of the total respectively),and whom 129 associate professors and 56 professors(36% of the total respectively),the construction of teaching resource shows a favorable development trend.学校以学科建设为龙头，以市场需求为导向，精心设置专业，坚持工科为主，多学科协调发展。学校不断提高专业建设水平，办好优势专业，扶植特色专业，全面实施“321教学质量工程”。现有省级重点学科1个，重点专业2个，精品课程5门，省级示范基础实验室。
directed to the discipline building and market demand ,nbut attaches prime importance to program configuration with the focus upon engineering courses in cooperation with “321 teaching quality project” is underway,in support of advantaged and tly rated at provincial level is a parcel of fruits,a key note program,two key note major programs and five excellent courses,model basis laboratory.学校加强科研基地和队伍建设，大力开展应用性科技研究和发展，现有科研机构十余个2008年已获国家级项目5项，省级项目14项；发表论文282篇，其中三大检索论文48篇，cssci来源期刊论文14篇；实现专利转让2项。学校积极推进产学研结合，科研成果的应用转化成效良好。
nbut provides an impetus to the growth of research basis under personal,in view of applied r&ble on the campuses are over ten research 2009 saw the research proceeds in the amount of over 40million rmb,three state natural science fund,5 pnsf projects ,the publication of 282 theses,of which 56 are retrieved into sci,ei and istp,and 14 into cssci,along with the transfer of two patents.2008年，为进一步加强学校与地方政府、企业以及高等院校、科研院所之间的联系与合作，启动了“双合作”工作，初见成效。与镇海区签订了全面科技合作协议；与中国社会科学院合作共建国际港口与物流研究中心；与中国科学院宁波材料技术与工程研究所共建专业实验室。
the double coo-program/scheme was launched in 2008 to keep in close contact with the local government and the above-mentioned ents were signed covering all round science and technology cooperation with zhenhai district, the jointly-built international sea-ports and logistics research-canteen with china of society science, the jointly-built specialized lib with ningbo medical technology and engineering institute under china of science.学校以应用开发型高级技术人才为培养目标，积极探索“知行合一，双核协同”的人才培养模式。学校注重培养学生的实践能力，组织参加省级以上专业竞赛，屡获佳绩。毕业生深受地方用人单位的欢迎，初次就业率一直保持在95%以上。
aimed to cultivating the advanced technical talents in applied r&d,nbut is seeking after about the educational mode of knowledge and practice in “oneness” and “double-kernel link” students are encouraged to take part in the specialized competition at province level with outstanding tes are welcome to local first employment rate is kept over than 95%.学校广泛开展对外合作，借鉴国外先进经验，强化外向型办学特色。1984年即与亚琛应用科技大学结对，是全国四所中德合作研究院校之一。先后与澳大利亚、德国等多国的大学建立校际合作关系并开展合作办学、师生交流和合作研究。学校设有宁高出国留学服务中心。
nbut extensive corporation with the foreign university is early as 1984,nbut set up the sister relations with aachen applied te-university ranked among colleges in china for sino-german join educational ral have been earlier or later established with a dozen of universities australia、german and some other countries in regular of the degree program, exchanges of teacher and students , joint research o-s-s is attached nbut.学校全方位、多层次构建高格调、高水平、高质量的校园文化，着力塑造“知行合一”的办学理念，积极发挥环境育人的功能，努力营造特色鲜明、文明和谐、健康向上的校园文化氛围，全面提高学生综合素质。
due efforts are distributed to the educational mode” knowledge and practice in oneness,double-kernel link” in the hope of achieving a lofty advanced and harmonious campus culture and training the well-developed students.
科技英语翻译结课总结 科技英语翻译感想篇二
科技英语翻译课程学习心得
英语翻译，是具有逻辑思维、科学理论和艺术色彩三者集中亮相的一种语言学问。但是，在学习《科技英语翻译》之前，我对翻译的看法却不是这样认为的，对它的态度却是那么的不恭，那么的不敬，只认为它是语言的奴隶，是一种枯燥乏味的、低俗的赚钱工具，根本谈不上“学问”这一个崇高的词语，更是谈不上它具有科学理论、艺术色彩、逻辑思维这些完美的名词。现在，在我的脑海中，翻译不再是语言的奴隶，而是语言的灵魂。语言是人与人之间交流的重要工具，如果没有了翻译，那么人与人之间的交流在很大程度上就会受到阻碍，世界的文化交流历史将要重新编写。
在学习《科技英语翻译》之前，每当翻译句子时，我并没有考虑到译文的逻辑性以及通顺性，直接按照原文的单词顺序非常死板地翻译成译文，使译文读起来非常生硬，不通顺，不仅大大改变了原文的韵味，而且大大降低了译文的可读性。
接下来就说说对这门课的体会了。
通过对这门课的学习，我对科技英语有了一些了解，不再像没上过这门课之前一样一头雾水。科技英语(english for science and technology ,简称est)是在自然科学和工程技术领域使用的一种英语文体，是随着科学技术的迅速发展而逐渐形成的，科技英语是客观存在的。随着国际学术交流的日益广泛,科技英语已经受到普遍的重视,掌握科技英语的翻译技巧是非常必要的。
从构成语言的语音,词汇和语法这三大要素上看，科技英语和普通英语本质上是一致的。在语音上，est使用的仍是普通英语的语音系统，其读音规则和发音方法并无丝毫变化；在词汇上，一方面，est中虽然有大量专业技术词汇和术语，但其基本词汇都是普通英语中所固有的，另一方面，来源于普通词汇的专业词汇仍能看出与普通词汇的联系；在语法上，est虽然有明显的特点，如大量使用被动语态，非谓语动词，名词化结构和从句等，但仍未摆脱普通英语的语法规则，并无独立的语法。
现在，科技英语正朝着新词语大量增加，名词性前置定语越来越多，句子结构越来越简化，标点符号的使用日趋灵活的方向发展，这一发展趋势给我们的英语水平提了一个更高的要求。所以，想要学好科技英语翻译这一门课，必须提高我们自身的英语水平。
作为一种重要的英语文体,科技英语与非科技英语文体相比,具有词义多、长句多、被动句多、词性转换多、非谓语动词多、专业性强等特点,这些特点都是由科技文献的内容所决定的。因此,科技英语的翻译也有别于其他英语文体的翻译。
通过对这门课的学习，我也学到了一些翻译技巧：
转译法：指翻译过程中为了使译文符合目标语的表述方式、方法和习惯而对原句中的词类、句型和语态等进行转换。具体的说，就是在词性方面，把名词转换为代词、形容词、动词；把动词转换成名词、形容词、副词、介词；把形容词转换成副词和短语。在句子成分方面，把主语变成状语、定语、宾语、表语；把谓语变成主语、定语、表语；把定语变成状语、主语；把宾语变成主语。在句型方面，把并列句变成复合句，把复合句变成并列句，把状语从句变成定语从句。在语态方面，可以把主动语态变为被动语态。
增译法：指根据英汉两种语言不同的思维方式、语言习惯和表达方式，在翻译时增添一些词、短句或句子，以便更准确地表达出原文所包含的意义。这种方式多半用在汉译英里。汉语无主句较多，而英语句子一般都要有主语，所以在翻译汉语无主句的时候，除了少数可用英语无主句、被动语态结构来翻译以外，一般都要根据语境补出主语，使句子完整。英汉两种语言在名词、代词、连词、介词和冠词的使用方法上也存在很大差别。英语中代词使用频率较高，凡说到人的器官和归某人所有的或与某人有关的事物时，必须在前面加上物主代词。因此，在汉译英时需要增补物主代词，而在英译汉时又需要根据情况适当地删减。英语词与词、词组与词组以及句子与句子的逻辑关系一般用连词来表示，而汉语则往往通过上下文和语序来表示这种关系。因此，在汉译英时常常需要增补连词。英语句子离不开介词和冠词。另外，在汉译英时还要注意增补一些原文中暗含而没有明言的词语和一些概括性、注释性的词语，以确保译文意思的完整。总之，通过增译，一是保证译文语法结构的完整，二是保证译文意思的明确。
减译法：这是与增译法相对应的一种翻译方法，即删去不符合目标语思维习惯、语言习惯和表达方式的词，以避免译文累赘。增译法的例句反之即可。
重复法：指在译文中重复原句中的关键性的词，以期达到两个目的：一是清楚；二是强调。从而使译文有力、生动。
倒译法：在翻译时，根据汉语的表达习惯，将原文的语序进行适当的前后调整，叫做倒置法，也叫做倒译法。（按原语序翻译的方法，叫做顺译法。）等15种翻译方法。
翻译不是精通一门外语，借助于词典和工具书就能为之的事，缺少对原语文化的深入研究，是很难保证翻译的水平和质量，而且是一种枯燥乏味的语言翻译。翻译要熟悉两种语言，悟出语言所具有的无比威力，还要透过语言所传达的信息，了解其背后的文化和精神，从而体会到两种语言文化的差异。语言不仅仅是信息的载体，还是文化的载体。在翻译时，我们必须考虑译文的逻辑性和通顺性，最起码使译文读起来不会出现拗口以及很乱的感觉。在翻译之前，必须仔细地推敲原语言，把原文的每一个单词都弄懂，然后再运用译文的逻辑性把这些已经翻译成译文的单词组合在一起，最后理清一下句子的通顺性，经过了这一番程序过程之后，一句很通顺的句子就这样精彩地诞生了。句子通顺畅达，读者读起来朗朗上口，这才体现出翻译的魅力以及美丽。
总而言之，通过对这门课的学习，我获益良多。
在这里非常感谢任朝迎老师的谆谆教导。谢谢。
科技英语翻译结课总结 科技英语翻译感想篇三
《科技英语翻译》课程练习十四答案
一、翻译以下句子，注意美学艺术的处理
1)manufacturing processes may be classified as unit production with small quantities being made and mass production with large numbers of identical parts being produced.译文：制造方法可分为单件生产和批量生产，单件生产指小批量生产，批量生产指大量相同零件的生产。
2)as a result, surgeons can operate freely without the encumbrance of suits, respirators, and helmets.译文：这样，军医就可以手脚灵活地施行手术，而不必穿戴臃肿的防毒服、防毒面罩和头盔。3)navy and army researchers have targeted diarrheal agents for combined vaccine development because in terms of morbidity and lost duty time, diarrheal diseases pose the greatest threat to deployed during regional conflicts.译文：海军和陆军的研究工作者将腹泻多联疫苗作为疫苗研制目标，因为就腹泻发病率和卫生减员日而言，它对局部冲突中向外海部署的美国军队构成了最大的威胁。
4)we must find ways of detoxifying toxic products produced by industrial must find substitutes for packaging, substitutes that are must find substitutes for chemicals that destroy the ozone layer.译文：我们必须寻找消除工业企业造成的有毒物质的方法。我们必须寻找可以再利用的包装替代材料。我们必须寻找破坏臭氧层的化学物质的替代品。
5)shortly before the uninhabited space station reached orbit in may, 1973, aerodynamic pressure ripped off a meteoroid and heat shield.译文：在1973年5月无人空间站到达轨道之前，空气动力的压力扯破了一个防流星体和隔热的护罩。
6)aluminum, though much less strong than steel, can be given a strength approaching that of steel when it is alloyed with small quantities of copper, manganese and magnesium, and subjected to heat treatment processes.译文：虽然铝的强度不及钢，但是当铝与少量的钢、锰和镁制成合金，并经过热处理后，其强度可以接近钢。
7)while many californians dream of leaving their home state of california, clams from asia, a slug from new zealand and a jellyfish from the black sea have decided to buck the trend and take up residence in san francisco bay.译文：正当很多加利福尼亚人梦想着离开他们的家园时，亚洲的一些蛤类，新西兰的一种海参，以及生长在黑海的一种水母，却拿定主意反潮流，来到圣弗朗西斯科湾定居。8)some kinds of plastics can be forced through machines which separate them into long, thin strings, called “fibers”, and these fibers can be made into cloth.译文：有些塑料可以通过机器将它们制成又细又长的线，这种被称为“纤维”的线可织布。9)because of this circuitous and directional flow of waterways, railways often have an energy advantage over barges.译文：由于河道迂回曲折且水流具有方向性，铁路运输对于水运而言，常常具有节能优势。10)any poorly-drained highway will heave in the spring time, under alternate freezing and thawing.译文：排水不良的公路春季在冻结和融解的交替作用下，会变得起伏不平。
11)anyone who has ever ridden on a railroad knows how rapidly another train flashes by when it is traveling in the opposite direction and conversely how it may look almost motionless when it is
moving in the same direction.译文：任何坐过火车的人都知道：当一列火车从相反的方向开来时，一瞬间即飞驰而过；而当另一列火车同向行驶时，看起来就像没有开动一样。
12)blue and white can be spanided into overglaze ware with decoration painted over the layer of glaze and underglaze ware with decoration painted under the layer of glaze.译文：青花瓷器可以分为釉上彩和釉下彩，釉上彩指彩饰绘制于釉层以上，釉下彩指彩饰绘制于釉层以下。
13)the technological revolution is partially made up of infotech, which is with us now.译文：信息技术是技术革命的一个组成部分，它现在已和我们息息相关。
14)“we have a hundred things to do at the beginning of the scientific experiment,” said of the ames research center.译文：艾姆斯研究中心的怀特博士说：“在该项科学实验的开始阶段，我们有很多事情要做。” 15)scientists are sure that they might someday be about to create artificial intelligences that think in ways that are indistinguishable from human brain.译文：科学家们有信心，有朝一日可能创造出人工智能，它们的思维方式与人脑没有什么区别。
科技英语翻译结课总结 科技英语翻译感想篇四
浅谈科技英语翻译的忠实性
摘要： 随着各国科学技术交流的不断深化，科技英语翻译的任务也日益艰巨。由于科技文章文体具有清晰，准确，精炼，严密的特点，忠实性成为科技英语翻译必须遵守的原则。要确保忠实性的实现，在翻译过程中就应遵循分析，转换和重构的“三步走战略”，使译文具有可读性。
关键词：翻译 重视性原则 原文 译文
翻译有直译和意译之分，直译比较倾向于保持原文的结构成分和意义的某些隐含成分；而意译则注重意义的准确传达，如果必要，可以不顾及原文的结构成分和意义的某些隐含成分。鉴于科技英语文体的特点，进行翻译时，采用直译方式居多，但并不排除意译的使用。无论是直译还是意译，忠实是必须遵守的原则。
早在18实际末叶，国外的著名翻译理论家泰特勒在《翻译的原则》一书中提出了著名的三原则;a,译文应完整地再现原文的思想内容；b，译文的风格，笔调应与原文的性质相同；c，译文应该像原文一样流畅自然。他强调的是译文与原文在思想，风格，笔调，行文等方面的对等，实质上就是“忠实性”中“一致性”的反映。这是忠实性最初也是最重要的阶段。在进行案例翻译过程中，译者客观地分了原文内容，也谨以科技文体要求。用中文再现了空气三大污染物的来源及危害。
但是在翻译过程中，译者发现根据原文做出的译文有多处不符合汉语使用规范。意识到翻译的忠实性不只停留在对原文的完全对等输出状态。翻译时还应考虑译文读者的接受力，这样译文才有可读性和可接受性。科技英语文章大量使用名词化结构，广泛使用被动语句，常用前置性陈述，但是汉语行文结构中少有这样的语法现象。如果按原文结构翻译，译文将有些句子主语缺失，陈述对象前后不一致等弊病。因此，译者在翻译过程中，补全了原文缺失的主语，宾语，以及意义，对有些句子语序做了调整，使其更符合汉语读者的习惯。这样的改动是对原文更加充分的翻译，在表达清楚原文的基础上，又满足了读者的需求，使忠实性原则更加切合实际地体现了出来。
既考虑岛原文，原作者，又顾及到译文及读者，忠实性发展到这一阶段已经基本能满足一般的翻译需求了。但不同的语言归属不同的语言，不同的文化背景，因此，翻译作为一种跨语言，跨文化，跨社会的交际活动，具有丰富多彩的内容。它既是一种技巧，又是一种艺术，是一种具有创造性和科学性的艺术。成功的翻译作品必须与译文所属文化范畴相吻合，这尤其体现在文学翻译作品中。但做科技英语翻译时，同样需要考虑这点。尽管案例的文化色彩不是很重，但译者查阅了汉语中关于空气污染物的相关文章，翻译中采纳了其中的一些定义，便于读者接受。
综上所述，通过思考科技英语翻译中的忠实性原则，在做案例翻译时，结合“三步走战略“和”忠实性“的三个层面，使译文能更好地展现原文，更放心地呈现给读者。
参考文献： 韩其顺 《科技英语的特点和翻译》
泰特勒：《翻译的原则》
科技英语翻译结课总结 科技英语翻译感想篇五
形合和意合
1.昨天看电影我没有买到好票。
i did not buy good seat for movie last day.2.这个车间既做来料加工，又做来样加工。
this workshop processes raw material on client’s demand and processes according to investor’s sample as well.3.她在中国留学服务中心工作。
she works at chinese service center for scholarly exchange.4.烤烟，苹果，羊毛和甘薯是延安的四大农产品，年产量3.12亿元，占农业总产值的52.5%。
cured tobacco, apples, wool and sweet potatoes are the four main agricultural products in yan’an, their output values at 312 million yuan rmb, according for 5.2% of its total agricultural output values.5.可以预言，钛材在飞机或各种飞行器上的应用将会与日俱增，并且在其他工业中的应用也会扩大。it can be prophesied that titanium materials will be used increasing in aerospace and in other rise of blood pressure occurs with some other disease, it is called secondary hypertension.某种与其他疾病伴发的高血压，称为继发性高血压
of information, if any, concerning the contents of this section will be found in the appendix at the end of this book.本节内容如有更改，均见本书末附录。
8.一种微生物能够破坏另一种微生物，这种现象最早是巴斯德发现的，他指出这可以用到医疗上去。
that a microganism is capable of destroying one of anther species was first discovered by pasteur, who pointed out that can be used to the therapeutic use.英汉句子中心的差异
1.他们培育出的细胞看上去像胚胎干细胞，这的确令人惊讶。
it’s truly amazing that they can produce cells that look like embryoric stem cells.2.1968年12月阿波罗8号宇宙飞船上那些想家的宇航员们在太空拍下了整个地球的彩照，此后在1970年4月很快就出现了第一个地球日，这绝非是历史的偶然。
it’s no accident of history that the first earth day in april 1970 came so soon after the color photograghs of the whole earth from space were made by homesick astronauts on the apollo 8 mission to the moon december 1968.3.你们已经取得了进步，对此我毫不怀疑。
there has been no doubt in my mind of the progress which you have achieved.4.由于贵国政府的提议，才得以这样快的重新实现访问，这使我感到特别高兴。
i was all the more delighted when as a result of the initiative of your government, it proved possible to reinstate the visit so quickly.5.由于现代世界的发展和近年来在单门学科狭窄前沿上的研究进展，出现一些极其复杂的难题，单凭一两人的力量是无法对它们进行透彻研究的。
one cannot properly investigate the incredibly complex problems thrown up by the modern world and by recent development in our knowledge along the narrow front of a single discipline.6.这种小型热带鱼由于具有自行修复受损和患病的眼部细胞的独特能力，长期以来一直为科学家所关注。the tiny tropical fish has long interested scientists because of its unique ability to repair damaged and diseased cells in their own eyes.7.不努力就不会成功。
one can never succeed without making great efforts.8.想到要出国深造，他激动不已。
he felt greatly excited at the thought of going abroad for further study.9.如蒙早日寄来样品或产品册，将不胜感激。
i would appreciated if samples or brochure could be soon forward to us.10.如能尽早回复，我将非常感谢。
i would appreciated it if you can reply as soon as possible.11.他本来在天津开会，会议一结束，他就上北京去度假了，昨天才坐飞机回来。
he had flown yesterday from beijing where he spent his vocation after finishing the meeting he had taken part in practice, the selected interval thickness is usually a compromise between the need for a thin interval to maximize the resolution and a thick interval to minimize the error.为保证最大的分辨率必须选用薄层，为使误差最小必须选用厚层，实际上要权衡一下来选择厚度。
13.在自然界找不到处于游离状态的铝，因为这种金属总是和其他元素结合在一起，最普遍是跟氧结合（铝和氧都有很强的亲和力）。所以，铝直到十九世纪才被人类发现。
aluminum remained unknown until 19th century, because no free aluminum can be found in the nature, due to the metal can connected with other elements, most commonly with oxygen for aluminum and oxygen having strong was to test the effect of mercury on the heart that the two new studies compared the mercury levels in clipping from toenails, where heavy metal tend to be deposited.重金属通常是富集在指甲内，于是两项新的研究比较了脚趾甲剪取物中的汞水平，以此来考察对比心脏的影响。
英汉语序差异
1.人体t细胞白血病病毒：human t-cell leukemia virus 2.国际经济新秩序：a new international economic order 3.第五届全国化学生物学学术会议：the 5th national conference on chemical biology academy of sciences：国家科学院
ew of gmp, quality system and compliance in the us：美国的gmp和质量体系合规性概观
side effect of the chemotherapeutic drugs used to treat cancer：治疗癌症的化疗药的一般副作用 7.这个通信卫星可以在任何时间向任何地点有效的传递语音信号和数据信号。
the communications satellite can send voice signal and data signal to any place at anytime.8.昨天在真空中进行了这个反应。
the reaction is carried out in a vacuum yesterday.9.中国南京江宁区龙眠大道639号。
639 longmian avenue, jiangning district, nanjing, china the gene is activated, mice exhibit symptoms that mimic depression.基因被激活，小鼠表现出抑郁的症状。
1 temperature is between 20-25℃ in the lab no matter when it is measured.无论什么时候测量，实验室的温度都保持在20-25度之间。12.无论出于固态，液态或气态，水的化学成分都保持不变。
the chemical constituents of water remains constant whether it is in solid, liquid or gaseous -tof-ms is a rapid and sensitive proteomic technique that has been applied to identify biomarkers in various diseases.14.由于甜椒中的亲脂性成分，用极性洗脱液洗脱的甜椒样品表现出更高的生物活性。
the sweet pepper samples eluted with polar eluents exerted high bioactivity due to their lipophilic component.15.该项准则随后成为了全球公认的评价口服固体剂型均匀度的非药典测量方法。
动态，静态及名词化
1． 地球绕轴自转，引起昼夜变化。
the rotation of earth its axis causes the change from day to night.2． 采用这种新装置可以大大降低废品率。
the adoption of this new device will greatly cut down the percentage of defective products.3． 为使物体克服惯性而运动，就需要一个力。a force is needed to move an object against inertia.4． 许多学贯中西的大师的经历证明，学不好母语的人，也不可能真正学好外语。
the experience of many great master well versed in the learning of both chinese and western cultures have shown that without a mastery of his native language, it is impossible for one to be truly at home with a foreign language.增词减词 增词
the football match, he’s got an important said he’d come to the job was sweeping, scratching, cleaning.4.i could knit when i was typewriter is indeed cheap and e of its reliability and simplicity evaporation is often applied on a large scale, normally using steam as the heat ion will make iron and steel an el nino the pressures over australia, indonesia and the philippines are higher than normal, which results in dry conditions or even droughts.re there no gravity, there would be no air around the sun warms the earth, which makes it possible for plants to frequency, wave length, and speed of sound are closely beings have not yet been able to make an element by combining protons, neutrons and is a mixture of in the universe are changing all the c bowls marked microwavable are probably safer than those that aren’ can be changed into energy and energy into earth’s population is doubling, the environment is being damaged.1 chief effects of electric currents are the magnetic, heating and chemical effects.减词
1.由于失业率增高，美元币值下降，股票市场处于困境之中，经济问题将是总统所面临的最严峻的考验。with high unemployment, the low dollar and the distr stock market, the economy will be the president’s trail.2.你参加过花样滑冰项目的比赛吗？
3.阳光会破坏牛奶一类食品的维生素成分。
4.我们已经从其他国家有计划有选择的进口了一些成套的设备。5.应探索各种途径和手段促进儿童语言的发展。
various channels and ways should be explored to promote the language development of children.6.这家航空公司需要加强改进和完善运行机制。
the airline company should make intensive effort to change and improve.7.回顾过去病史，未发现感染反复发作。
8.今年我们在引进工作方面又取得了重大成绩。9.我们积极支持生态农业。
10.肯德基出了新品种的香辣鸡翅。
11.抗氧化剂是某种存在于食品中的化学物质。antioxidant is a chemical in food.12.这台较复杂的电脑又能设计出一台更为复杂的电脑，而且还可以一代代更加复杂精密的开发，研制下去。this more complex computer could design one still more complex and soon…
句意反译 肯定译为否定
1． 这份说明书不够详尽。the specification lacks details.2． 我们不应该再把海洋当成人类的生活污水和工业污水的垃圾场了。we should stop treating the sea as a dump for human and industrial effluent.3． 精密仪器必须保持无尘。
precise instrument must be keep free from the dust.4． 铁箱能使地球磁场影响不了指南针。
an iron case will keep the earth’s magnetic field away from the compass.5． 我们无权签此合同。
it’s beyond our power to sign the contract.6． 他们公司在产品的包装和宣传上明显比不上竞争对手。
their company is obviously inferior to their rival in product packing and are many other energy source in store.有很多能源尚未开发。
the high altitude snow and ice remain all year.高海拔处冰雪常年不化。
rubber prevents electricity from passing through it, it is used as insulating material.由于橡胶不导电，所以可以用作绝缘材料。
have found your terms and conditions agreeable.我们对你的章程和条款没有异议。
否定译为肯定
study of genetics will never be so all encompassing as to gobble up every subject from medicine to sociology.遗传学几乎包含了从药学到社会学的所有学科。
advantages of nano-structured materials do no end here.纳米材料的优点一言难尽。
recently geneticists were not interested in particular gene.基因学家最近才开始对特定基因感兴趣。’t lose time in posting this letter.请及时送达这封信。
deposit will be refunded unless ticket produced.凭票退押金。
was suggested that such devices should be designed and produced without delay.这意味着这个设施需要按时设计和生产。
is not as dense as water and it therefore floats.冰的密度比水小，因此能浮在水面上。
se bacteria will not die until the temperature reaches 100℃ 100℃可以杀灭细菌。
s importance can’t be stressed too strongly.它的重要性怎么强调也不为过。
don’t consider melting to be chemical changes.我们认为熔化不改变化学成分。
1 doctor do not expect that the patient with breast cancer will recover.医生认为乳腺癌患者康复机率小。
could not be too careful in a new neighborhood.搬到一个新住处要越小心越好。
物称与人称
has priced itself out of his dish.猪肉太贵，他吃不起。
does not allow us to further analyze this problem here.限于篇幅，我们不能在此对这个问题做进一步分析。 now optimism had given way to doubt.至此，人们不再盲目乐观，而是疑惑重重。
hylline does not share the usual objection to vasodilators.人们通常反对使用血管扩张剂但并不反对使用氨茶碱。 exigency of the case admitted of no alternative.情况紧急，别无选择。
never occurred to me that she was dishonest.我从来没想过她不老实。
was a strike participated in by five thousand workers.五千个工人参加了罢工。
8.“there is an increased level of anxiety disproportionate to the actual risk,” says jerrold bushberg, who directs programs in health physics at the university of california at davis.“it’s the dose that makes the ’s not a binary thing.”
人们的焦虑情绪日益强烈，但实际上人们并不需要如此担忧，只有剂量够大，才会把人毒死，并不是非此即彼。
resistance can be determined provided that the voltage and current are know.已知电压和电流可以确定电阻。
things have been said here tonight that ought not to have been spoken.有人在此讲了不该讲的话
is said that the rhythm of tides is affected by moon.月亮影响潮汐规律。
12.突然间我想到了一个主意。
suddenly i got an idea./suddenly an idea struck me.13.不同的人对食物持不同的态度。
different people have different attitude towards food./attitudes toward food vary from person to person.14.人们一致认为植物病毒不会感染动物，反之亦然。
it has always been assumed that plant virus cannot infect animals and vice started with a morning visit to the modern campus of the 22000-student university of michigan in nearby ann arbor, where the chinese table tennis team joined students in the cafeteria inn for lunch and later played an exhibition match.中国乒乓球队在星期五早上参观了坐落于安娜堡附近，拥有2200名学生的密歇根大学的现代化校园，并在学校自助餐厅与学生一起进餐，然后进行了一场表演赛。
has been a striking continuous, but unexplained decline in the reported death rate of gastric carcinoma in the united states from 34 per 1,000,000 population in 1930 to 8 per 100,000 currently.据报道，美国的胃癌死亡率一直在明显地持续下降，从1930年的0.034%到目前的0.008%，但原因不明。 journey from embryonated egg to the ligase chain reaction has embraced an enormous amount of work involving tissue cell culture ,enzyme immunoassay, fluorescence ,and molecular techniques.从最早的鸡胚（中分离得到衣原体）发展到用连接酶链锁反应（诊断衣原体感染），医学专家们进行了组织细胞培养、酶免疫测定、荧光反应和分子技术等大量工作。
被动语态
o has been used to treat malaria in china for over 2000 years.在中国使用青蒿治疗疟疾已经有2000多年历史了。re problems must be solved before the tests start.考试开始之前必须解决这些问题。
may be treated with drugs, physical measures or surgery.药物，物理治疗，外科手术可以治疗疼痛。
patient is questioned by a doctor about his present complaint and the date of the onset of the disease.医生询问病人现在的情况以及疾病开始的时间。
l elements and compounds may be extracted directly from seawater.一些元素和化合物可以从海水中直接提取出来。
a current is flowing through a wire, the latter is being heated.电线有电流通过后会发热。
magnetic field are know to come from the human body.已知人体会产生一定的微弱的磁场。
resistance must be given careful consideration when the missile is to be designed.导弹设计时要特别注意空气阻力问题。
is claimed that soap powders polluted the water we drink.有人声称肥皂粉污染了我们的饮用水源。10.心脏往往被看作是人体最重要的器官。
the heart is often regarded as the most important human organ.11.雄性wistar大鼠20只随机分成对照组和糖尿病组。male wistar rats were spanided into two groups randomly :control group and diabetes group.12.本文以前没有发表过，目前也没有考虑投寄其他杂志发表。
this paper has not been previously published, also not been considered in other journal at ation is normally carried out by the a, b, or c family polymerases with high fidelity and high processivity.复制过程通常是由具有高保真性和高持续合成性的聚合酶家族a，b或c实施的。
conflict between the urgent need for new antimicrobial agents against resistance bacteria in clinic and less development of new antibiotics should be resolved by the cooperations among enterprises , government and institutions.企业、政府和科研机构之间的合作将是解决临床对于治疗耐药菌感染的新型药物的迫切需求与抗菌药研发处于低谷之间矛盾的方法。or耐药菌感染治疗急需新型抗菌药物，而抗菌药物的研究开发处于相对低谷,由此所产生的矛盾应该由企业、政府与科研机构合作解决。
gh an association between migraine and chest pain has been described, an association between migraine and coronary events has not been firmly established.虽然先前已有过关于偏头痛和胸痛之间关联的描述，但是偏头痛和冠心病之间的关联尚未确立。
汉语无主语句的英译
1.弄不好，就会前功尽弃。
if things are not properly handled, our labor will be totally lost.2.要了解中国，可以有很多视角。
there are different angles to approach china.3.学习先进，才有可能赶超先进。
only by learning from the advances is it possible for one to catch up with and surpass them.4.与其说海洋把陆地分开，不如说海洋把陆地连在一起。the ocean do not so much spanide the world as unite it.5.从他家到公园很近。
it is only a stone’s throw from his house to the park.6.我的家乡冬天很少下雪。it seldom snows in my hometown.7.可以采用各种方法使温度下降。
we can take all sorts of measures to bring the temperature s methods can be adopted to keep the temperature down.8.首先要保证产品的质量。
the quality of the products must be guaranteed.9.操纵这些机器时必须小心。
be careful when operating these machines.10.要着力解决经济社会发展中的突出矛盾。
efforts must be made to resolve the prominent conflicts in economic and social development.11.使用电子显微镜，能获得大得多的放大倍数。
much greater magnification can be obtained when electronic microscope is used.12.该项实验中肯定困难很多。
there must be many difficulties in the experiment.13.没有顺利，无所谓困难；没有困难，也无所谓顺利。without facility, there would be no difficulty, and vice versa.14.对母语是英语的人来说，根本不可能4个星期就学会汉语。
it is impossible for native english speakers to master chinese in just four weeks.15.已经决定几个月后进行生产。
it has been decided that production should begin in a few months.16.建议采用中国生产的设备。
it is suggested that the equipment made in china be adopted.17.随信附上我们新开发产品的样品。
enclosed are samples of our newly developed products.定语从句
and oceans are the new world which scientists are trying to explore.太空和海洋是科学家们努力探索的新领域。
is a condition in which the body temperature is higher than normal.发烧是提问高于正常的情况。
ial hypertension is the name given to the type of hypertension for which no cause can be found.原因不明的高血压成为原发性高血压。
chemicals that make metabolism possible come from the air we breathe, the water we drink, and the food we eat.使新陈代谢成为可能的化学物质来自我们呼吸的空气、所饮的水和所吃的食物。
body consists of a large number of organs, each of which has its own particular function to perform.人体由大量器官构成，每种器官都有特殊的功能。
en is stored in the liver, which is released as needed in the form of glucose.糖原储存于肝，需要时以葡萄糖的形式释放出。
ion can be performed with acupuncture analgesia, which is a great contribution to the development of medical science.手术可用针刺痛法进行，这对医学的发展是一大贡献。
blood flows from the small arteries into the capillaries in which it gives up oxygen to the body cells and removes wastes from the tissues.血流由小动脉流入血管，在毛细血管血液把氧释放给身体的细胞并从组织中排除废物。
know that a cat, whose eyes can take in many more rays of light than our eyes, can see clearly in the night.我们知道由于猫的眼睛比人的眼睛能吸收更多的光线，所以可以在夜间看的清楚。 disease, which may occur at any age, is most frequent in early adult life.此病可发生于任何年龄，但以年轻的成年人常见。
should be suspected in persons who have any of these symptoms and signs for unaccountable causes and for an unreasonable period of time.如果病人具有任何这些症状和体征，病因又难以说明，而且持续时间长，就应怀疑癌症。
world countries export their mineral deposit and tropical agriculture products, which bring them desired foreign exchange.第三世界国家出口矿物和热带农作物以换取所需的外汇。 purpose for which electricity is used is numerous.电的用途是很多的。
ately, there are some chemical fuels that are clean and smokeless.幸好，有些化学燃料是洁净无烟的。
英语长句
was believed that perhaps during its existence inside the body of the mother, the growing embryo becomes fixed on the sound of the heart beat;if this is so, then the discovery of this familiar sound after birth might have a calming effect on the infant, especially as it has just been thrust into a strange and frightening new world outside.据说，在母体发育期间，胎儿的注意力可能会集中于心跳的节律；如果是这样，那么外界相似的声音可能会对出生后的婴儿产生镇静作用，特别是刚来到这陌生又可怕的新世界的婴儿。
s show that most doctors sincerely believe that the seriously ill patients do not want to know the truth about their condition , and that informing them risking destroying their hope , so that they may recover more slowly , or deteriorate faster , perhaps even commit suicide.研究表明，大多数医生深信重病患者并不想知道他们的真实病情，冒着会毁灭他们希望的风险告知他们事实，会使他们恢复得更慢，或者会加速恶化，甚至导致自杀。
had cleared up those confusions which arose from different medicines that had been given a same name and different names that had been given to the same substance.同名不同药，同药不同名，由此造成的混淆，他都一一予以澄清。
was to test the effects of mercury on the heart that two new studies compared the mercury levels in clippings from toenails,(where heavy metals tend to be deposited).因为重金属容易在脚趾甲富集，为了测试汞对心脏的影响，所以两项新的研究比对了从脚趾甲上剪下的碎片中的汞水平。
should doctors say, for example, to a 46-year-old man coming in a routine physical checkup just before going on vacation with his family who, though he feels in perfect health, is found to have a form of cancer that will cause him to die within six months? 比如说一个46岁的男子----在与家人外出度假之前进行常规身体检查---尽管他自己感觉很好，但医生发现他患有某种癌症，6个月内会死亡，这时医生该怎么对他讲呢？
is no more difference, but there is the same kind of difference, between the mental operations of a man of science and those of an ordinary person ,as there is between the operations and methods of a baker or of a butcher weighing out his goods in common scales , and the operations of a chemist in performing a difficult and complex analysis by means of his balance and finely graded weights.科学家的思维活动和普通人的思维活动之间存在着差别。这种差别就跟面包师或卖肉的人与化学家在操作方法上的差别一样——前者用普通的秤称商品的重量，后者则用天平和精密的砝码进行艰难复杂的定量分析。其差别不过如此而已。
hope of “early discovery” of lung cancer followed by surgical cure, which currently seems to be the most effective form of therapy, is often thwarted by spanerse biology behaviors in the rate and direction of growth of cancer.肺癌早期发现，随后进行外科治疗，这可能是目前最有效的治疗办法，但这个希望由于肺癌生长速度和方向等生物学特征不相同而破灭。
the periods the snakes’ saliva, a mild, digestive juice like our own, was converted into a poison that defies analysis even today.在演化的过程中，蛇的唾液——一种温和、助消化的像人类唾液一样的液体——变成了甚至在今天也难以分析的毒液。
scientists hope stem cells can be used to grow a range of tissues, from brain tissue to treat diseases such as parkinson’s, in which brain cells are destroyed, to juvenile diabetes, in which key cells in the pancreas die off.但科学家希望干细胞能用来分化成一系列组织，如从脑组织到胰腺组织，用于治疗由于脑细胞被破坏引起的疾病如帕金森病以及由胰腺关键细胞死亡引起的青少年糖尿病。
