Abstract
This paper aims to make an analysis of the marriage of Charlotte Lucas and Mr. Collins, two characters in Jane Austen’s Pride and Prejudice. Their marriage is often criticized as an exchange of property and happiness and their marriage has no happiness. It is analyzed from the two persons’ perspective characters, the social factors and the marriage influence on them. Through this analysis, the paper proves that Charlotte Lucas and Mr. Collins’s marriage is very rational and sensible and should not be criticized.
Key words: Charlotte Lucas, Mr. Collins, marriage, sensibility, rationality
摘要
这篇文章重在对简.奥斯丁《傲慢与偏见》中的两个人物夏洛蒂.卢卡斯小姐和柯林斯先生的婚姻进行分析。一直以来，他们的婚姻被认为是金钱与幸福的交易，没有幸福可言而受到了广大读者的指责。作者将从他们各自的性格特征，当时的社会因素和这对婚姻的社会影响方面来具体分析，用以证明夏洛蒂.卢卡斯小姐和柯林斯先生的婚姻是非常理性的，是合情合理的。
关键词：夏洛蒂.卢卡斯, 柯林斯, 婚姻, 感性, 理性
I
The Rationality in the Marriage of Mr. Collins and Charlotte Lucas
Ⅰ.Introduction
Seen from the evolution history of English literature, Jane Austen brings us a fresh wind different from previous novel styles, such as, sentimentalism and gothic novels. In western countries, Jane Austen is never a romantic writer but a realistic and sensible woman writer in the eyes of many rational critics such as Fielding, Reginald Faller and Charlotte Bronte. The most popular of Jane Austen's novels is Pride and Prejudice, which is a good justification to it. This novel deals with the five Bennet sisters and their search for suitable husbands. The vivid description of seven different types of marriages reveal Jane Austen's viewpoint on marriage that only when marriage is based on true love can it be a happy one. Elizabeth and Darcy's marriage is a model and perfect one. However, the marriage of Mr. Collins and Charlotte is often criticized (e.g.: Zhao Linya , 2003; Jie Jingdong, 2000) as an exchange of property and happiness and their marriage has no happiness.⑴ But should it be criticized as Zhao Linya says?
People thoroughly agree that true love and proper financial basis can bring us happiness in marriage. But have you deliberately contemplated the social background and the real situation Mr. Collins and Charlotte are in before you criticize their marriage? There is still a literary injustice in the critic of Mr. Collins and Charlotte's marriage.
This paper will try to change injustice to Mr. Collins and Charlotte. The paper aims to point out that Charlotte’s marriage is quite rational. Marriage has no such romantic factors when it comes to reality and everyone cannot go against the social trend. Charlotte’s choice conforms to the social trend so that the marriage of Mr. Collins and Charlotte is more significant and typical than that of Elizabeth and Darcy’s. Charlotte is a representative of a woman who bravely fights against social injustice. Her marriage is more sensible than that of Elizabeth’s,and will be easily accepted by women in Austen’s time.
At the beginning of the paper, there will be a brief introduction about the realistic writer Jane Austen and her Pride and Prejudice. In the second part, the paper gives a detailed analysis of Charlotte’s personalities. Charlotte is sincere, generous and she possesses a spirit of persistence and independence. She is a good girl with lots of personal qualities. The same is true with Mr. Collins. He is a humorous, talkative and practical person. On one hand, Charlotte and Collins have their own personal charm and should be respected and their marriage is quite natural .In the third part, the paper analyzes from social factors. On the other hand, money, property and social status play very important roles in society, especially in marriage. Considering Charlotte and Collins’s social background, their marriage is really a normal one. What’s more, Charlotte’s marriage conforms to the contemporary social trend---materialism and realism, it has great social significance.
In a word, through a detailed analysis of Mr. Collins and Charlotte’s marriage from their personal characters, social factors and social significance of their marriage, the writer proves that Charlotte’s marriage is quite rational and sensible.
Ⅱ.Jane Austen and her Pride and Prejudice
2.1. Austen's literary concern
a) Insistence upon and defense of “the experienced commonplace”.
b) Attack upon romanticism and romantic writers.
It is broadly defined as “the faithful representation of reality”. Although strictly speaking, realism is a technique, it also denotes a particular kind of subject matter, especially the representation of middle-class life. This application is properly applied to the marriages in Pride and Prejudice.
Jane Austen has been recognized as a novelist through her six novels, among which Pride and Prejudice is the most famous one, which deals with the life of common people and marriages in the countryside. Pride and Prejudice portrays life in the genteel rural society of the day, and tells of the initial misunderstandings and later mutual enlightenment between Elizabeth Bennet (whose liveliness and quick wit have often attracted readers) and the haughty Darcy. Then they gradually dispel their prejudice and finally get married. This novel strongly reflects the point that sensibility and rationality play important roles in marriage, a viewpoint obviously reflected on the marriage of Mr. Collins and Charlotte. In this novel, Mr. Collins is a clergyman with a large amount of property while Charlotte is a 27 years old lady with little property. Though Charlotte and Collins are not as bright as Elizabeth and Darcy, they have their own personal charm and their marriage is a real reflect of the social trend in which property and social status are the decisive factors in marriage. As Jane Austen is a realistic writer, the marriage of Charlotte and Mr. Collins is a good justification to Austen's rationality.
2.2. Women’s position in Austen's time
To know what Austen writes Pride and Prejudice for, we should have a clear mind of the social background. There are many social straits in Austen’s time and people in each class have different destinies. In Austen's days, there were no centrally organized systems of state-supported education. There were local charity or church -run day schools, but these were not attended by children of the "genteel" social levels that Austen writes about.⑶ Instead, “genteel” children might be educated at home by their parents, or by live-in governesses or tutors; or by going off to a private boarding school or to live with a tutor. Some local "grammar” schools did exist but did not admit girls. Of course, women were not allowed to attend the institutionalized rungs on the educational ladder. A great deal of time was devoted to "genteel” boys’ education, but few women studied.
Since women did not usually have careers and were not “citizens” in the sense of being directly involved in politics, there was little generally perceived need for such higher education for them, and most writers on the subject of "female education" preferred that women receive a practical land religious training for politics-nothing but books of piety and cookery”. All this prove that, since there was no requirement for academic education for women, and very little opportunity for women to use such knowledge, learning for women is only for "improvement of her mind" therefore, it depended very strongly on what kind of instruction each woman’s parents offered her in childhood, and on the inspanidual indications of the woman herself (as in the Bennet family). Jane Austen presents that women enjoy a low social status in society and they have no way to get education. Therefore, marriage is a good way out for women. In Pride and Prejudice Charlotte got what she wanted through her marriage, which is quite rational and natural.
Property is a very important factor in Jane Austen's time. Only young women with beautiful appearance and good family background can they have lots of opportunities to get a satisfactory marriage. This point is strongly reflected on Elizabeth and Charlotte. As for Elizabeth, she is beautiful and witty, though does not have large property, she has more chance to hold men's heart. But as far as Charlotte’s concerned, she is already 27 and is not good-looking. What is worse, she does not own large property, and then the only way out for her is to marry a suitable man to secure her rest life and gain stability. Mr. Collins is a clergyman and he is the heir to Mr. Bennet’s property. Therefore, considering Mr. Collins's social status and his property, anyone who marries him is sure to secure her living and can live a luxurious life materially. Therefore, when Mr. Collins proposed to Charlotte, Charlotte accepted without hesitation. Through the marriage Charlotte gets what she wants and her choice is certainly a sensible one.
According to Ye Gaolian, a famous professor in Zhenjiang Normal University, Jane Austen writes Pride and Prejudice to fight against social injustice to women. She wants to set a model woman--independent and unconventional, brave enough to get what she wants (Ye Gaolian, 1998). I think Charlotte is the very person who is independent and sensible to grasp every chance to get happiness. Therefore, her image in this novel is very significant.
III. Characters of Charlotte and Mr. Collins
Through Pride and Prejudice, we find that Charlotte and Mr. Collins possess some good qualities. They have their own personal charm. Charlotte has good comprehensive ability. She is sincere, perseverant and spiritually independent. Her characters prove that she is a good girl and very sensible. She should not be criticized. Though Mr. Collins is a little bit stubborn and snobbish, he is humorous, responsible and very practical. He should not be criticized, either. Such persons’ characters will enable them to make rational choice of marriage.
3.1. Charlotte
Charlotte has her own personal charm. Her good comprehensive ability makes her hold her own viewpoint. Though Elizabeth does not have good attitudes toward her marriage, Charlotte still has good wishes for her friend. From this point, we see that Charlotte is sincere and generous. Charlotte still has a spirit of persistence and independence, which makes her to stick to what she wants and try her best to get it.
3.1.1. Wit
Charlotte is clever and she has some good comprehensive ability. For example, when everyone considers Darcy to be too arrogant to be liked by anybody, Charlotte holds the view that “he has the right to be pride of himself” as he is handsome, has good personality and most importantly, he has large property. From this point, we see that Charlotte has her own ideas. She thinks independently. She also treats everybody and everything objectively. In Charlotte's opinion, the beginning of a love story is always casual, when a man shows his good feeling about a woman, if he can not get response from the woman, the man will feel discouraged and he may give up his pursue for the woman. Charlotte's idea is quite practical.⑷ Jane Bonnet’s love affair justified it. When Bingley shows his love for Jane, as he could not get response from Jane, then he is discouraged and he thinks that Jane has no good feeling for him. What is more, as Darcy interferes in their love affair, there is a love crisis between Jane and Bingley. On this point, we say that Charlotte is very clever and full of wisdom. In chapter 22, we know that Elizabeth is shocked by the severity of such a concession that Charlotte made to marry Collins. She could not suppose that Charlotte would sacrifice “every better feeling to worldly advantage"(end of chapter 22). Elizabeth pities Charlotte, but Charlotte “had chosen it with her eyes open".
“I ask only a comfortable home; and considering Mr. Collins’s character, connections, and situation in life, I am convinced that my chance of happiness with him is as fair as most people can boast on entering the marriage state.”(Chapter22)From her words, we know that Charlotte is quite independent in her mind. She has good comprehensive ability.
Charlotte is sincere and generous. She did not envy Jane and Bingley.
"I wish Jane success with all my heart; and if she were married to him tomorrow, I should think she had as good a chance of happiness as if she were to be studying his character for a twelvemonth. Happiness in marriage is entirely a matter of chance.” (Chapter 6)
“If the dispositions of the parties are ever so well known to each other, or ever so similar before-hand, it does not advance their felicity in the least. They always contrive to grow sufficiently unlike afterwards to have their share of vexation; and it is better to know as little as possible of the defects of the person with whom you are to pass your life.”(Chapter6)
Though Elizabeth looks down upon Charlotte's marriage, Charlotte still wishes her friend happiness and success. She is so kind and generous. Another point is that she has great patience for Lady Catherine’s rampancy. Seen from female psychology, to achieve this patience is impossible without good self-cultivation. Therefore, Charlotte has achieved some good self-cultivation.
3.1.3. Persistence
Charlotte has the spirit of persistent. Superficially looking, her thirsty for property is not so noble. However, she clearly knows what she wants and how to get it. Compared with many other women, we see that she is very smart.⑸ There are many foolish women characters in Austen’s novels: Mary in Mansfield Park has no belief in life. She agreed to marry the one she does not like and finally eloped with her lover; Anne Elliot in Persuasion does not fully know herself. Under her mother’s persuasion, she lost seven years’ happiness; Emma in Emma does not know who she likes and has no idea of her own personality and psychology...Compared with these characters in Austen’s works, Charlotte is really very clever and possesses the spirit of persistence. When Mr. Collins was turned down by Elizabeth and asked for her hand, she accepted without hesitation. She was not afraid of being looked down upon by others and grasped the chance to change her life. Then through her marriage, she really got security and lived a quiet life. Her perseverance to make her life better is very admirable.
3.1.4. Independence
Another one is that Charlotte is independent spiritually. She does not care much about her husband’ company and encourages him to take good care of the garden. As she wants to achieve the dignity of a match of good status and material comfort, together with independence, she becomes mistress in her own house; she manipulates Collins by making him think he is doing what he wants.⑸ She can put up with loneliness and is brave to face her life. She controls her own emotion to go against the unfair world. Her viewpoint about marriage “Happiness in marriage is entirely a matter of chance.” (Chapter 6) reflects that her ideas are always unique and practical, thus she is quite spiritually independent.
In a word, Charlotte does possess some good personal qualities. She is admirable and her choice to Mr. Collins is out of her own heart. She comprehends her life in her own way and is brave enough to get what she wants. Therefore, she should not be criticized and her marriage should be treated as normal as Elizabeth's.
3.2. Mr. Collins
According to many critics (e.g. Zhao Linya, 2003; Ye Fulian, 2000) Mr. Collins is just a person without any good qualities. He is snobbish, ridiculous, silly and awkward. But is it true that Collins is just a negative figure in the novel? In fact, Mr. Collins also possesses some good personalities. He is humorous, responsible, kind and practical.
3.2.1. Humor
Mr. Collins is an obviously humorous character. This can be seen from his letter (chapter 13). In the letter, he hints at some undisclosed scheme of reparation for the entail. In due course we find that this is, in fact, his intended marriage to one of the Bennet girls, which he represents as a favor to them. We are at once suspicious of a clergyman who advertises his piety “As a clergyman...I feel it my duty to promote and establish the blessing of peace on all families within the reach of my influence."(Chapter 13) This is undermined by readers’ observing that the statement of Christian duty comes after his statement of duty to his patron. So devoted to his duty is Collins that he leaves his living for long periods as when he is looking for a wife. He later advises Mr. Bennet to forgive Lydia and Wickham “as a Christian, but never to admit them in your sight, or allow their names to be mentioned in your hearing"(Chapter 13). One wonders in what, other than mere empty words, the forgiveness can consist. From Collins’s words, we know that he is such a humorous person.
3.2.2. Responsibility
In contrast to Wickham, a shameless person, Mr. Collins is sincere and responsible. Wickham nearly ruined Miss Darcy and finally eloped with Lydia. Unlike Wickham, Mr. Collins proposed to Elizabeth bravely, though failed at last, his marriage went according to the social convention. Also he asked for Charlotte's hand through a formal way. He is responsible for Charlotte and his work as a clergyman.
3.2.3. Kindness
Mr. Collins is very kind that he forms a link between Longbourn and Rosings, as he brings Elizabeth to Rosings, thus preparing for Darcy’s proposal, tells tales to Lady Catherine to Longbourn which, in turn, gives Elizabeth hope. To some extent, we should express our gratitude to Mr. Collins. If he had not brought Lady Catherine to Longbourn, Elizabeth and Darcy’s marriage might not do. Another fact is that as Elizabeth's relative, he kindly invited Elizabeth to visit his house and took good care of her. He is very kind.
3.2.4. Practical sense
Mr. Collins is very practical. He knows that Lady Catherine will help him a lot in his life so he tries his best to set up a good relationship with Lady Catherine. He knows that he needs a wife to fulfill his life so he immediately proposes to Charlotte when he failed in proposing to Elizabeth.
In a word, though Mr. Collins is a little bit snobbish, silly and awkward, he is humorous, responsible, kind and practical. He possesses some good personal qualities and is not completely incurable. As in chapter 22, we know that Elizabeth pays much attention to Mr. Collins’s ability. His firm belief in mind is admirable. Even he is not very clever, if a cleverer person guides him, if someone encourages him, he will improve himself greatly. Charlotte is as clever as Elizabeth, under her guide; Mr. Collins is possible to become a real gentleman. We have reasons to believe in Charlotte as she has successfully turned Collins’s attention from Elizabeth to herself. Charlotte is a very practical person and she is capable of adjusting herself to the changing things. With her help, Mr. Collins will improve himself a lot.
All in all, Charlotte and Mr. Collins have some good personal qualities and they have their own personal charm. We should not deny them completely and view them with a stable eye. Their personal charm should be recognized and their own choice of marriage is really very rational and realistic.
IV. Social factors in Charlotte and Collins's marriage
In the third part, we analyze the characters of Charlotte and Mr. Collins. This is the subjective factors in their marriage. There are also some objective factors in their marriage. That is the social factors. Property and social status are two important factors in Jane's time and play very important roles in marriage. Marriage is of great importance to women in society.
"It is a truth universally acknowledged that a single man in possession of a good fortune must be in want of a wife.” (Chapter 1) This is the opening sentence of the novel. It also tells us the topic of Pride and Prejudice. In the eighteenth century, women do not have many opportunities to receive education. School’s gates are not all open to them. They are not required to get higher education. Marriage becomes an important way for women to get social status, property and establishment. Mrs. Bennet’s lifetime job is to marry her five daughters. In fact, this is a common phenomenon in Austen’s time. Austen is not a critic but is deeply critical of the general female obsession with the institution. This is the novel’s startling point, the ironical statement that a wealthy, single man must need a wife: this reflects the proprietarily attitude of those women who want to acquire a man and who know her needs better than he does. Great wealth and an elegant manner are a man’s most important qualities; profundity and wisdom are unfashionable. Marriage is directly connected with men's property and social status.
As for Charlotte, she is rather plain and has little property, and then chance is rather rare for her in marriage market. As Collins will get a large amount of property and enjoys a higher social status, Charlotte chose Collins as her husband. This marriage conforms to the contemporary social trend and should not be criticized at all.
4.1. Property in society
An important factor in society is property. Darcy and Bingley are rich gentlemen and they have large property. Therefore they can choose their wives according to their will.⑹ However, even for Elizabeth, although she is very beautiful and witty and full of wisdom, as she does not have large property; she loses many competitions in marriage market.
As for Charlotte, Things are more difficult. She has already been 27; neither does she have a good social status, nor does she own large property. At twenty-seven, the rather plain Charlotte has little prospect of marriage---it is a society in which the option of work is not open to woman. Charlotte lives in a world in which men judge women’s looks before examining their characters. Charlotte is less beautiful than Elizabeth and Jane. She is sensible and intelligent--more worthy of a good husband than Mrs. Bennet , but this also makes Charlotte a realist. In a certain sense, Mr. Collins is what she wants. The kind of suitor Jane Bennet can attract, as experience has shown, beyond Charlotte’s cope. Given his rather odious character, Mr. Collins, because of his evident lack of passion, is more eligible to Charlotte than if he were full of amorous desire. Through her marriage, Charlotte is able to achieve the dignity of a match of good status and material comfort, together with independence. What is more, she obtains what she wants to get from marriage--establishment, security and comparative comfort. She is quite sensible and realistic, and she can grasp every chance to realize her own purpose, thus her choice is not wrong. According to social reality, there is no point for us to criticize her marriage.Seen from another angle, Charlotte is brave to fight against social injustice, to be independent .She made it. We should not criticize her marriage.
4.2. Social status in society
Another important factor in marriage is social status. Elizabeth’s marriage is a good proof of it. If Elizabeth were not a gentleman (Mr. Bennet)’s daughter, her marriage to Darcy would not do.We know that Charlotte and Elizabeth are good friends. As Elizabeth is a brilliant star in this novel, clever and elegant. It is Charlotte that whose good friend is Elizabeth. But what is the basis of their good relationship? The geographical position of their house and their social status is the most important factor in their friendship. Netherfield and Longbourn are not far away from each other. The social status and property status have some similarities. Therefore, the equality between Charlotte and Elizabeth set up the bridge for their good relationship.⑺
From the second part, we know that women really have very low social status in society. Social status is a very important role in marriage. Charlotte married Collins so that she can get a higher social status. Charlotte is so sensible that she can take advantage of her marriage to avoid her bad destiny. We see that Bingley and Darcy are so popular because they have high social status. That the reason why Charlotte marries Mr. Collins is to gain a higher social status in society .This is very practical and certainly is very rational.
Taken as a whole, the social factors such as property, social status and the importance of marriage in society all are the objective factors in the marriage of Charlotte and Mr. Collins. These objective factors are strong proofs of the rationality of Charlotte’s marriage.
V．Significance of Charlotte and Collins's marriage
Charlotte and Collins's marriage is of great significance. The outcome of the marriage proved to be satisfactory. What is more, Charlotte’s marriage strongly presents the social trend---materialism.
5.1. Materialism
Charlotte is a realist, very sensible. She is also a typical materialist and treats material more important than anything else. But what is materialism? Materialism is a general view about what actually exists. Briefly speaking, the view is just this: Everything that actually exists is material, or physical. Many philosophers (e.g. Fielding, 1785;Reginald Faller, 1778) and scientists now use the terms “material” and “physical” interchangeably .Characterized in this way, as a doctrine about what exists, materialism is an ontological, or a metaphysical view; It focuses on the real material things instead of some spiritual things.
According to this definition, materialists treat materials more important than anything else; this principle also applies to the marriage of Charlotte and Collins. From our previous analysis, we know something about their marriage. Generally speaking, Charlotte takes advantage of her marriage to get establishment, stability and property. She is able to achieve the dignity of a match of good status and material comfort, together with independence. As she is 27 and is not good looking, also without large property, her marriage is the only way out for her. She is quite a sensible woman, as clever as Elizabeth, Her sensibility guides her to accept Collins’s proposal. To a large extent, Charlotte achieves what she wants and she has successfully found a way out for her.
Charlotte Lucas is an example of character that takes the pragmatic view that happiness and love exist in marriage by pure luck, chance or randomness, as she says “Happiness in marriage is entirely a matter of chance,”(p24) Charlotte shows herself interest and materialism, because she is purely interested in setting in an establishment, obtaining financial and social security.
As for Mr. Collins, he gets a companion and he sets a good example for all the people in the parish. He is socially accepted and wins himself fame. Charlotte soon becomes his mistress and manages everything perfectly for Collins. Also Collins was lucky enough to marry Charlotte, who can guide him to change some of his weaknesses and help to improve him. This couple has kindly invited Elizabeth to their home. Through Elizabeth’s observation, we know that the couple lives in great harmony. At least, it should not be criticized.
In the end, Charlotte’s pregnancy seems a suggestion that Charlotte can get more happiness, as she will become a mother soon. That is what she wants. On the other hand, Mr. Collins will get an heir, who will definitely bring him satisfaction and happiness. Therefore, materialism is obviously presented in the marriage of Mr. Collins and Charlotte.
5.2. Social trend in Austen’s time
Austen was the first to bring to light what was to be one of the principal themes of the later 19th --century novel, the predicament of the inspanidual, particularly of the woman, who requires personal fulfillment in society and finds that society makes it difficult to realize the desire. Although the Industrial Revolution of the 18th century made women’s liberation possible. Mass production needed more hands and machine could be operated by women who were not physically as strong as men .The lower-class women became wage earners in factories. This was the beginning of their independence. In Austen’s time, women still enjoy a low social status in society and marriage is a good way out for women. Charlotte got what she wanted through her marriage, which is quite rational and sensible. Women should be faced with the real situation. Women will more and more sensible to choose their life that is conformed to the social trend in England in Austen’s time.
“Although writing county life, Austen’s interest was not in natural scenery, but in human nature”.⑻ In pride and prejudice, marriage was involved in the relationship of society and economy. Austen pointed out that the gist of marriage is an exchange of proper and combination of benefit. Charlotte Lucas and Mr. Collins’s marriage is a deification of it. Their marriage also conforms to the contemporary social trend. In England, people’s worship is property and status in 18th century. In an unperfected society, it is instinct to live and social trend that women search for property and status through marriage.
Charlotte can get large property and high social status and the sense of establishment through her marriage. We should consider marriage seriously but not in a casual way. We need to be more sensible and rational in front of marriage as what Charlotte does.
In modern days, although women have more chances to get education and have more ways to become independent, this does not eliminate marriages based on money. They are more practical than those people in the eighteenth century. Women today have to become more independent and learn to fight against social injustice as what Charlotte does.
To sum up, the marriage of Mr. Collins and Charlotte conforms to the contemporary social trend---materialism and socialism. Both Collins and Charlotte's choices are in great harmony with the social trend. Therefore, there are no good reasons to criticized Charlotte’s marriage. Her marriage is really a rational and sensible one. At least, her choice presented that a common view that the most important factor is property, rather than love in Austen’s time.
VI．Conclusion
In England, traditional beliefs of the societal and familial roles of man and women were subject to rigid criticism. For centuries, literature has been the domain of men. Any woman attempting to write literature would be regarded as an intruder on men’s rights and would set them into a rage. In late 18th century and early 19th century England, a strong feminist voice was eager to make itself heard through novels. This group of women writers, including Jane Austen, the Bronte sisters and George Eliot, broke out from their confinement to private world, in which children, husband, and kitchen were the chief worries. They entered into a public world, where they, through various novels, presented their unique views of the world surrounding them.
Jane Austen lived and worked at the turn of the century. She was the daughter of a country clergyman, and passed all her life in doing small domestic duties in the countryside. Her Pride and Prejudice presents us a vivid picture of the countrymen life, about their daily lives and their marriages. In the eighteenth century, women have low social status. Property plays a vital importance in society. For those women who have no property and low social status, one of their important ways out is marriage. As for Charlotte, she is smart, persevering, and full of wisdom. She is spiritually independent and she gains establishment, property and social status through her marriage. She is a realist and a materialist. Most importantly, her behavior conforms to the contemporary materialism and realism. Therefore, she should not be criticized. As for Mr. Collins, although he is a mixture of pride and obsequiousness, self-importance, he also has some good qualities. He is humorous, responsible, kind, and practical. As no one is perfect in this world, we need to see people’s development. Mr. Collins is changing and we can believe that he will improve himself a lot in future. Therefore, the marriage of Charlotte and Mr. Collins should not be criticized. People in modern society should be more sensible and rational when facing marriages, but not to be too romantic.
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